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Family Malvaceae
Lagkitan
Sida mysorensis Wight & Arn.
MYSORE FAN PETALS
Nian mao huang hua ren

Scientific names Common names
Sida glutinosa Roxb. Damong-mabaho (Tag.)
Sida mysorensis Wight & Arn. Lagkitan (Tag.)
Sida urticifolia Wight & Arn. Marabas (Tag.)
Sida wightiana D.Dietr. Marbas (Tag.)
  Mysore fan petals (Engl.)
  Mysore fanpetals (Engl.)
  Mysore sida (Engl.)
Sida mysorensis Wight & Arn. is an accepted species. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
CHINA: Nian mao huang hua ren.
INDIA: Antututti (Kannada).

Gen info
- The genus name Sida derives from Greek for "pomegranate or water lily". Carl Linnaeus adopted the name from the writings of Theophrastus. The species epithet is derived from the name of the City of Mysore, India. (2)

Botany
Sida mysorensis is a subshrub-like herb, erect, to 1 m tall. Stem with minute stellate hairs, multicellular glandular hairs, and long simple hairs. Stipule filiform, ca. 5 mm; petiole 1-3 cm, pilose; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 3-6 × 2.5-4.5 cm, viscid-stellate on both surfaces with minute stellate hairs and multicellular glandular hairs, base cordate, margin crenate, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary or paired, axillary or subterminal, often on congested reduced axillary shoots. Pedicel slender, 2-6(-15) mm, articulate at or above middle. Calyx widely campanulate, 6-8 mm, sparsely pilose with long hairs, lobes 2.5-3 × ca. 2.5 mm, acute or acuminate. Corolla yellow, 1-1.2 cm in diam.; petals obtriangular, glabrous. Filament tube strigose. Schizocarp nearly globose, 3-4 mm in diam.; mericarps 5, ovoid-tetrahedral, ca. 2.5 mm, smooth, apex shortly hairy, not awned, shortly acute, enclosed in persistent calyx. Seeds ovoid, slightly 3-sided, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. (Flora of China)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Also native to Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hainan, Himalaya, India, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. (1)

- Grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.
- In grassy slopes, roadsides, forest boundaries and waste places, up to 700 m altitude.

Constituents
- Aerial parts isolated a new ecdysone, glutinosterone (1). (see study below) (6)
- Study of methanolic root extract of Sida mysorensis yielded next highest total phenolic content  with 1.66 mg CAE/g and 1.87 mg TAE/g, and next highest flavonoid content of 1.18 mg QE/g. (see study below) (3)
- Study of aerial parts isolated a new Ecdysterone, glutinosterone, along with polyphenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids. (7)
- Study of dried aerial parts of Sida glutinosa isolated a new flavonol glucoside, glutinoside (1), along with seven known compounds, 24(28)-dehydromakisterone A (2), 1,2,3,9-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1-b]-quinazolin-3-amine (3), docosanoic acid (4), 1-triacontanol (5), campesterol (6), stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol (7).  (8)

Properties
- Studies have suggested antioxidant, hepatoprotective, lipoxygenase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory properties.

Parts used
Leaves, roots, aerial parts.

Uses

Folkloric

- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
- In Ayurveda, used for treatment of wounds.
- In India, used for rheumatism and tuberculosis.
- In Purandhar, powdered leaves used for healing wounds.
Others
- Fiber: In the Philippines, bast fibers are used to make rope.

Studies
Antioxidant / Roots:
Study evaluated methanolic root extracts of eight Sida species (S. acuta, S. cordota, S. cordifolia, S. indica, S. mysorensis, S. retusa, R. rhombofolia, S. spinosa) for phenolic content and antioxidant activities. Sida mysorensis yielded next highest total phenolic content  with 1.66 mg CAE/g and 1.87 mg TAE/g, and next highest flavonoid content of 1.18 mg QE/g. It showed moderate antioxidant activity with DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays. (3)
Reinforcement in Polymer Composite / Fiber: Study evaluated the physicochemical, thermal, and surface morphological properties of S. mysorensis fibers. Results showed SMF can be used as reinforcement in polymer composites. (4)
DEHP / Lipoxygenase (LOX) Inhibitory Activity: LOX is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which is postulated to play an important role in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory and allergic diseases. Study evaluated the LOX inhibitory activity of some Sida species. The LOX inhibitor was di(2ethylhexyl) phthalate, which binds perfectly into the active site of LOX to inhibit it. Four of six plants showed the presence of DEHP at considerably high concentration. Sida mysorensis yielded 0.19 ± 0.009 % DEHP w/w. Results suggest a possible molecular anti-inflammatory mechanism. (5)
Antibacterial / Hepatoprotective / Glutinosterone / Aerial Parts: Study of aerial parts isolated a new ecdysone, glutinosterone. Structure was elucidated as 1β-hydroxy 24(28)-dehydromakisterone A. The compound exhibited significant effect on different enzymes involved in human liver function along with lipid metabolic enzymes. It also exhibited significant anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Results suggest Glutinosterone may be an effective drug for treatment of human hepatic disorders and also have moderate to significant antibacterial activity. (6)
Enzyme Inhibitory Activity / Antimicrobial / Aerial Parts: Study of Sida glutinosa isolated glutinoside (1) and 24(28)-dehydromakisterone A (2). Study evaluated the role of the compounds on enzymes generally used as marker for hepatic functions (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase) lipid metabolic enzyme, and antibacterial function. Results showed significant reduction in enzyme expression in their optimum inhibitory concentration. Both compounds showed antibacterial properties against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria compared to standard drug gentamicin. (9)

Availability
Wild-crafted.


June 2023

                                                 PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Sida mysorensis lily / © Shang-Kwei Wang / some rights reserved: CC BY NC / click on image or link to go to source page / iNaturalist
IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Sida mysorensis lily / © Dinesh Valke / some rights reserved: CC BY SA / click on image or link to go to source page / iNaturalist

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Sida mysorensis / Synonyms / KEW: Plants of the World Online

(2)
Sida / Wikipedia
(3)
Total polyphenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant properties of eight Sida species from Western Ghats, India / MD Subramanya, Sandeep R Pai, Vinayak Upadhya, Giresh M Ankad, Shalini S Bhagwat, Harsha V Hegde / J Ayurveda Integ Med., 2015; 6(1): pp 24-28 / DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.146544 / PMID: 25878460
(4)
Suitability Evaluation of Sida mysorensis Plant Fiber as Reinforcement in Polymer Composite /  M Maran, R Kumar, P Senthamaraikannan et al /  Journal of Natural Fibers, 2022; 19(5): pp 1659-1669 /
DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2020.1787920
(5)
Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of some Sida species due to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate / D. S. Preethidan, G. Arun, M. Prathyusha Surendran, S. Prasanth, A. Sabu, C. Sadasivan and M. Haridas / Current Science, 2013; 105(2): pp 232-237
(6)
A new biologically active ecdysteroid from the aerial parts of Sida glutinosa / Niranjan Das, Tapasi Saha, Surajit Bhattacharjee / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,  2014; 3(5): pp 73-78 / eISSN: 2278-4136 / pISSN: 2349-8234
(7)
Sida mysorensis -- Mysor fanpetals / RAJA PEARY MOHAN COLLEGE
(8)
A new flavonol glucoside from the aerial parts of Sida glutinosa / Niranjan Das, Basudev Achari, Yoshihiro Harigaya, Biswanath Dinda / Journal of Asian Natural Products, 2011; 13(10): pp 965-971 /
DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.602343
(9)
Enzyme Inhibitor & Antimicrobial Phytochemicals from Aerial Parts of Sida glutinosa / Niranjan Das, Manash Chandra Das, Biswanath Dinda  / International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2014; 6(1): pp 91-96 / ISSN: 0975-4873

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

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