HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT


Family Ebenaceae
Kaki
Diospyros kaki L.f.
JAPANESE PERSIMMON
Shi zi

Scientific names Common names
Diospyros amara Perrier Kaki (Tag., Engl.)
Diospyros argyi Lév. Apple of the east (Engl.)
Diospyros bertii André. Apple of the Orient (Engl.)
Diospyros chinensis Blume English persimmon (Engl.)
Diospyros costata Carriere Japanese kaki (Engl..) L.f.
Diospyros kaempferi Naudin Japanese persimmon (Engl.) L.f.
Diospyros kaki L.f. Kaki persimmon (Engl.)
Diospyros lycopersicon Carriere Kaki plum tree (Engl.)
Diospyros mzelii E.Morren Lotus of Japan (Engl.)
Diospyros roxburghii Carriere Oriental persimmon (Engl.)
Diospyros schi-tse Bunge  
Diospyros sinensis Naudin  
Diospyros sphenophylla Hiem  
Diospyros trichocarpa R.H.Miao  
Diospyros wieseneri Carriere  
Embryopteris kaka (Thunb.) G.Don  
Diospyros kaki L.f. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
Taxon note: While taxonomists recognize D. kaki L.f. as a wood tree and D. kaki Thunb. as the better known fruit tree, providers of common names do not make a distinction and lump common names under the "kaki" umbrella. Common names below are attributed to D. kaki Thunb unless notated designated with an L.f. (MMPND)
CHINESE: Shi, Shi zi.
FRENCH: Kaki, Plaqueminier du Japon (L.f.), Plaqueminier, Plaqueminier de Chine.
GERMAN: Kaki, Kakibaum, Kakipfpflaume.
ITALIAN: Cachi.
JAPANESE: Kaki (L.f), Kakinoki..
KOREAN: Gam.
MALAY: Buah kaki, Buah kesemek, Buah samak, Kesemek, Pisang kaki.
PORTUGUESE: Caqui.
RUSSIAN: Kaki, Khurma iaponskaia, Khurma kaki.
SPANISH: Caqui, Kaki del Japon, Placa minera.
THAI: Phlap chin.

Gen info
- Diospyros is a genus of over 700 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The majority are native to the tropics. Some are valued for their hard, dark, and heavy timber; others valued for fruits; some used as ornamentals.
- Etymology: Diospyros derives from the Greek words "Dios" referring to the god Jupiter, and"pyros" meaning "wheat", together, the wheat of Jupiter. (31)
- In Chinese legend, the persimmon tree embodies seven virtues: the sweetness of the fruits, the sturdy wood, the longevity of the plant, the decorative leaves, the fire produced by the ardor of its branches, the branches that invite the birds to build their nests, and the great shadow it provides. (31)
- Diospyros kaki is considered one of the most important species from the genus Diospyros because of its exotic fruits.
- Kaki is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Diospyros.
- Estimates suggest there are more than 1000 varieties of persimmon, and cultivars are divided into two classes: sweet and astringent. (18)
- The plant is characterized into two distinct varieties: astringent (Hachiya, Tamopa, Tanenashi, Triumph, Homan Red, Ormond, and Taubata) and non-astringent (Fuyu, Imoto, Izu, Jiro, Okugosho, Suruga and others) bases on the chemical nature of tannins present. (6)
- In 2007, the global production of persimmon reached over 3.3 million tons,: 70% from China, 10% from Korea and 7% from Japan.
- Historical snippet: On August 9, 1945, the plutonium bomb dropped on Nagasaki utterly destroyed the city and killed a high percentage of the population. Close to the epicenter a tree survived: the Kaki tree (Diospyros kaki)-it survived the inferno, the radiation, and the fire. (16) After World War II, it was regarded as a symbol of peace. (31)

Botany
Diospyros kaki is a deciduous tree, reaching a height of up to 10 meters. Deciduous leaves are medium to dry green, broadly lanceolate, stiff and equally wide as long. Typically wither male or female, some produce both types of flowers. Flowers are tubular, creamy white, 2 to 2.5 centimeters wide. Female flowers grow singly, while male flowers may have a pink tint and appear in clusters of 3. Sepals are four, crown-shaped; petals are four forming a large calyx. Fruit is yellow or orange to deep red, spherical to oval, bearing the indented stem and four sepals, with a smooth, shiny, thin shell ranging from yellow to red-orange, which may contain up to 8 seeds. (8)

Distribution
- Introduced.
- Found in the Mountain Province, chiefly in the vicinity of Sagada and Bauko, where it is grown quite extensively. (32)
- Native to China, Korea, and Japan.

- Grown in many East Asian countries and southern Europe.

Constituents
- Nutritional composition of persimmon fruits per 100 grams, raw and dried, yield: (Proximates) water 80.32 and 23.01g, energy 70 and 274 kcal, energy 293 and 1146 kJ, protein 0.58 and 1.38g, total lipid (fat) 0.19 and 0.59g, ash 0.33 and 1.59g, carbohydrate by difference 18.59 and 73.43g, total dietary fiber 3.6 and 14.5g; (Minerals) calcium 8 and 25 mg, iron 0.15 and 0.74 mg, phosphorus 17 and 81 mg, potassium 161 and 802, sodium 1 and 2 mg; (Vitamins) vitamin C 7.5 and 0 mg, riboflavin 0.020 and 00.029mg, niacin 0.100 and 0.180mg, vitamin A 81 and 38 mcgRAE, beta carotene 253 and 374 mc, beta cryptoxanthin 1447 and 156 mc, vitamin A 1627 and 767 IU. (7)
- Chemical structures of phenolic acids (1-9) and catechin (10-16) are: gallic acid (1), protocatechuic acid (2), tannic acid (3), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4), vanillic acid (5), chlorogenic acid (6), caffeic acid (7), p-coumaric acid (8), ferulic acid (9), epigallocatechin (10), catechin (11), epicatechin (12), epigallocatechin gallate (13), gallocatechin gallate (14), epicatechin gallate (15) and catechin gallate (16) (Lee et al, 2012) (7)
- Major fatty acids found in persimmon seeds are palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic ai, ranging from 70.4% to 78.3% of total fatty acids. (9)
- Compounds isolated from leaves include flavonols, 40-dihydroxy-a-truxillic acid, tatarine C, myricetin, annulatin, trifolin, astragalin, hyperin, isoquercetin, rutin, quercetin, kampferol, kakispyrone, and kaki saponin. (9)
- Study on methanol extract of leaves isolated two new ursane-type triterpenoids, 3α-19α-dihydroxyurs-12,20(30)-dien-24,28-dioic acid (1) and 3α-19α-dihydroxyurs-12,-en-24,28-dioic acid (2), along with 12 known ursane- and oleanane-type triterpenoids (3-14). (see study below (14)
- Study of root bark yielded active compounds A & B, identified as napthoquinones, Plumbagin (5-hydroxyl, 2-methyl 1,4 -Napthoquinone) and Isodiospyrin (5-hydroxy-6-(1-hydroxy-6-methyl-5,8- dioxo-naphthalen-2-yl)-2-methyl-naphthalene-1,4-dione). (see study below) (19)

Properties
- Persimmon ripening is climacteric and ripening is regulated by ethylene, during which phase rapid softening occurs resulting in jelly-like flesh, rendering the persimmon unmarketable within a couple of days. (7) The shelf life of persimmon fruits can be increased by slowing the ripening process by inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis or its action, thus enhancing the storage life. (9)
- Fruits are classified into astringent (A) and non-astringent (NA) varieties. In early stages of fruit development, fruits accumulate large amounts of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in specialized tannin cells. Antioxidant activities of astringent fruits are highest compared to non-astringent varieties. With ripening, astringency decreases with about 70-90% decline in total polyphenolic components like tannins. (9)
- The astringent cultivated cultivars fruit contains high proanthocyanidin-type tannin content which makes the immature fruit astringent and bitter. The tannin level decreases as the fruit matures. (8)
- Studies have suggested antioxidant, anti-nflammatory, hepatoprotective, larvicidal, cytotoxic, inseticidal, repellent, antibacterial, antifungal, neuroprotective properties.

Parts used
Fruit, leaves.

Uses

Edibility
- Whole fruit is edible except the seed and calyx.
- Fruit is sweet, slightly tangy with a soft to fibrous texture.
- Fruits of astringent cultivars is not edible in its crisp, firm state; becoming edible when ripe and soft. (8)
- Some cultivars, such as Fuyu, do not contain tannins when firm, and can be eaten like an apple or allowed to go to any stage of ripeness. (8)
- For drying of the fruit, the peel is removed to prevent the astringency and bitter taste. Dried whole fruit and slices are to to make dried persimmon products. (9)
- Unpeeled f whole fruit can be used to make persimmon vinegar and wine. (9)
- In Korea, leaves used as tea for treatment of hypertension. (9)
Folkloric
- In Korean traditional medicine, kaki calyx used to treat bedwetting, vomiting, and hicupping. (4)
- In Chinese traditional medicine, leaves used for treatment of ischemia, stroke, angina, internal hemorrhage, hypertension, atherosclerosis ad various infectious diseases. (5)
- Used for treatment of various skin conditions including acne, skin eruptions, and eczema. (6)
- Decoction of calyx and fruit stem used to treat hiccuping, coughs, and labored breathing. (23)
Others
-Persimmon juice is widely used for waterproofing; reinforcing materials such as wood, paper, cloth, and fishnet; for food
preservation, and as colorant or dye. (18)
- Tannin: Tannin from unripe Japanese persimmon has been employed in brewing saki. Also for wood preservation and dyeing. (23)
- Repellent: Juice of small inedible wild persimmon is crushed whole, calyx, seed and all, diluted with water and painted on paper and cloth as insect- and moisture repellent.(23)
- Wood: Wood is hard and heavy, black with streaks of orange-yellow, salmon, brown or gray; prized in Japan for use as fancy inlays. (23)

Studies
Antioxidant:
Study evaluated the antioxidant benefits from persimmon leaf tea, fruit, and fibers in relation to changes along gastrointestinal digestion. Digestion was performed with and without digestive enzymes. Results showed the leaf extracts to be richer in antioxidants than fruit and fibers. Leaf antioxidants were more sensitive to the digestive environment. Oral conditions affected the antioxidants and gastric digestion led to slight additional loses. Digestive enzymes contributed to antioxidant release throughout digestion. Bioaccessiblity of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of the fruit were 1.4, 1.0 and 3.8 times highest than the aqueous extract of leaf. (3)
Anti-Inflammatory / Stalks: Study evaluated the potential anti-inflammatory activities of astringent D. kaki stalks based on cultivar types and stages of maturity. using RAW 264.7 cells. All the extracts were nontoxic under 100 µg/ml concentration. Stage 1 samples (8-9 months) all showed high percentage of tannic acid content and Gojongst (Hamyang) showing highest content. Stage 1 samples also showed highest inhibition of NO production. Decreases in expression of iNOS and\ phosphorylated p65 were dose dependent. (4)
Dermatological and Cosmetic Applications: Study presents the cumulative data o the potential use of D. kaki for its possible role in dermatologic and cosmetic applications. Active principles have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, photo-protective, and anti-wrinkle effects with activities against tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase enzymes. Antioxidant and skin whitening potential, along with reduction of sebum content and size and number of skin pores makes it a suitable choice as cosmetic ingredient. Photo protection against degenerative effects of UVA, UVB, and gamma radiation further suggest benefit against oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. (6)
Cytotoxic / Leaves: Study yielded two new compounds, kakispyrone (1) and kakisaponin A (2), together with 11 known compounds. The cytotoxic effects against several cancer cell lines (A549, HepG2, and HT29) are reported. (10)
Interactions: Moderate: Persimmon may further decrease blood pressure in patients taking antihypertensive drugs (captopril, enalapril, losartan, valsartan, diltiazen, amlodipine, HCTZ, furosemide, along others. (11)
Hepatoprotective / Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity / Fruits: Study evaluated various fruit part extracts of D. kaki for hepatoprotective activity using CCl4-induced liver damage model, measuring serum enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, AP and total bilirubin. Results showed dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity, with the ethanol extract showing highly significant activity. (12)
Protective in Optic Nerve Crush-Induced Retinal Degeneration / Leaves: Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is part of many retinal diseases. Study reports on an ethanol extract of leaves exhibiting protective properties against retinal degeneration in both in-vitro and in-vivo tests. Upon exposure to cytotoxic compounds, RGC-5 cell viability was increased in a concentration dependent manner. Cell survival induced by EEDK was associated with decreased levels of apoptotic proteins. Also expression levels of antioxidant associated proteins, such as SOD, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase-1 ere positively modulated. In a partial optic-nerve crush model, EEDK showed similar ameliorating effects on retinal degeneration caused by mechanical damage. Results suggest the EEDK may have therapeutic potential against retinal degenerative disorders, such as glaucoma. (13)
Triterpenoids / Inhibitory Effects on Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B / Leaves: Study on methanol extract of leaves isolated two new ursane-type triterpenoids, 3α-19α-dihydroxyurs-12,20(30)-dien-24,28-dioic acid (1) and 3α-19α-dihydroxyurs-12,-en-24,28-dioic acid (2), along with 12 known ursane- and oleanane-type triterpenoids (3-14). Triterpenoids with 3ß-hydroxygroup inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTB1B) activity with IC50 ranging from 3.1 ± 0.2 to 18.8 ± 1.3 µM. (14)
Inhibition of Alkali Burn-Induced Corneal Neovascularization / Leaves: Study evaluated the effect of ethanol extract of D. kaki leaves on corneal neovascularization in rats due to alkali burns. The extract significantly attenuated the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, interleukin-6, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) protein levels. (15)
Phenolic Compound Supplementation Via Phytosomes: Persimmon phenolic compounds (PCs) can mitigate oxidative damage induced by ROS. However, due to large molecular weight and intrinsic instability in some physiologic fluids, passage through biological membranes is very limited. This study evaluated the use of phytosomes containing bioactive phenolic extracts in terms of size, surface change, encapsulation efficiency and stability over six months. The phytosomes were orally doses to Wistar rats over a 15-day period. Compared to free extract, the extract-loaded phytosomes showed higher antioxidant antioxidant activity after six months, and did not cause lipidic profile changes nor changes in glycemia and urine parameters. Results suggest potential of PCs as food supplements and a promising and safe phytosomal formulation. (17)
Antibacterial / Hydrogen Peroxide / Leaves: Studies revealed persimmon extract generates hydrogen peroxide, with highest levels from leaves. Antibacterial effect of hydrogen peroxide from persimmon leaf was tested using intestinal bacteria. It was found that hydrogen peroxide is generated from persimmon tissues, and the bactericidal activity of persimmon extracts correlated with bacterial sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. (18)
Antifungal / Plumbagin and Isodiospyrin / Root Bark: A chloroform extract of root bark of D. kaki exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against all test fungi. Study yielded active compounds A & B identified as plumbagin and isodiospyrin. MIC values of the crude extract and compounds A and B were 160-2500 µg/ml, 1.25-20 µg/ml and 5-160 µg/ml and MFC values of 630-5000 µg/ml, 5-160 µg/ml and 40-160 µg/ml, respectively. (19)
Topical Cosmetic Skin Cleanser / Reduction of Skin Oil and Pore Size in Humans: Study evaluated the effects of a cosmetic cleanser containing Diospyros kaki folium, Polygonum cuspidatum and Castanea crenata var. dulcis on the removal of sebum and on skin pore size in healthy volunteers aged 20 to 50 years. Compared to control cleanser, skin oil content was significantly decreased with DPC cleanser, along with decrease in pore size and numbers, and also easily removed solidified sebum from the skin. (20)
Anticancer / Calyx: Study of methanol extracts of persimmon calyx demonstrated cytotoxic effects in human cancer cells. The calyx extract inhibited growth of HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also exhibited cytotoxicity against HeLa and PANC-1 cells, as well as HT-29 cells. (21)
Benefits in Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Murine Dry Eye Model / Leaves: Study evaluated the beneficial effects of oral K. kaki ethanol extract on a mouse dry eye model induced by benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Tear secretion volume (Schirmer's test), tear break-up time (BUT) and fluorescein score were measured on the ocular surface. Results showed prolonged BUT, decreased fluorescein score, increase tear volume and smoother epithelial cells. There was also inhibition of inflammatory response and corneal epithelial cell death in a BAC-induced dry eye murine model. Results suggest a potential treatment for dry eye. (22)
Bacteriostatic / Anti-Inflammatory / Mycobacterium Avium Complex Disease: It is known that condensed tannins have high antioxidant nativity and bacteriostatic properties. This study evaluated the effects of soluble persimmon-derived tannins on opportunistic MAC disease. Results showed soluble tannin hydrolysate exhibited high bacteriostatic activity against MAC in vitro. In vivo, MAC-infected mice fed a soluble tannin-containing diet showed significantly higher antibacterial activity against MAC and less pulmonary granuloma formation. Proinflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased. Results suggest the soluble tannin from persimmon may attenuate the pathogenesis of pulmonary NTM infection. (24)
Phenolic Compounds / Radical Scavenging Activity: Study evaluated the radical scavenging activity and total and individual phenolics of Mopan persimmon compared with apple, grape, and tomato s controls. Radical scavenging activities against ABTS and DPPH were 23.575 and 22.597 µm trolox (p<0.05). The persimmon showed highest total phenolics content. Of the 6 phenolics, gallic acid was the highest in content and exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with much higher antioxidant activity compared to apple, grape and tomato. (25)
Effect of Plant Extracts and Food Additives on Quality of Dried Persimmon: Study evaluated the effect of direct application of plant extracts on the quality of dried persimmon. Best effect was observed with a combination of clove 18.18%, cinnamon 9.90%, licorice 9.09%, firmament 4.55%, grapefruit seed extract 4.55% and apple cider vinegar 54.54%. The combination improved the moisture content of the fruit and showed antifungal, antibrowning, and antifungal/antibrowning effects following 6-week treatment. There was an increase in overall sugar concentration of dried persimmon. The natural extracts effectively suppressed the quality degradation during drying of persimmon and may be used to replace sulfur fumigation (26)
Brassinosteroids / Role in Fruit Ripening: Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones that regulate numerous processes including fruit ripening. Study evaluated D. kaki fruits treated with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) or brassinazole (BrZ, a BR biosynthesis inhibitor). Results showed endogenous BR contents gradually increased during persimmon fruit ripening. EBR treatment resulted in increased of water-soluble pectin and significantly reduced content of acid-soluble pectin and cellulose, resulting in rapid fruit softening. Results suggest BRs influence persimmon fruit ripening by influencing cell-wall-degrading enzymes and ethylene biosynthesis. (27)
Larvicidal / Insecticidal / Antioxidant / Brine Shrimp Toxicity / Leaves: Aqueous extract of leaves showed moderate to outstanding larvicidal activity (100% to 28%) at 100% to 10% concentrations after 24 hours, with 42% LC50, compared to permitrin with 100% lethality at 0.3%. The extract showed outstanding cytotoxicity against brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina) with 10PPM LC50. Also, insecticidal potential was 100% against Culex lectularius. The extract demonstrated 30.22% DPPH radical scavenging activity, compared to quercetin, gallic acid, and acetic aid at 98, 96, and 97% activity, respectively. (28)
Acute Oral Toxicity and Genotoxicity Studies / Polysaccharide Fraction / Leaves: Study evaluated the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of polysaccharide fraction of leaves. In acute toxicity testing in Sprague-Dawley rats, no mortality, body weight, behavioral changes and adverse effects were observed in male and female rats up to 5,000 mg/kbw dose. In genotoxicity evaluation, the polysaccharide fraction did not significantly increase the number of bacterial colonies in bacterial reverse mutation test, with no observed DNA damage and chromosomal aberration in CHO-k1 cells.       (29)
Protective Effect Against Glucose-Oxygen-Serum Deprivation-Induced PC12 Cells Injury: Ischemic cardiovascular disease is a common cause of death in the world. In-vitro study evaluated the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of peel and fruit pulp of persimmon on cell viability and markers of oxidative damage, mainly intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by glucose-oxygen serum deprivation (GOSD) in PC12 cells. GSOD produced significant cell death accompanied by increased level of ROS. Pretreatment with peel and pulp extract markedly restored the changes only at high concentrations. Results suggest protection of PC12 cells from GOSD-induced injury via antioxidant mechanisms, and suggests potential therapeutic application for management of cerebral ischemia and other neurodegenerative disorders. (30)

Availability
- Wildcrafted.
- Cultivated

- Fruits in the Manila markets.

May 2020

                                                   PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Diospyros kaki: Fruits and Leaves / © GARDENIA Creating Gardens / costata / click on imge to go to source page / GARDENIA Creating Gardens
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Illustration / Watercolor from the William Kerr Collection of Chinese plants / Unknwoon artist / Joanna Durant, © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew Plant / click on image to go to source page / KEW science
OTHER OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Kaki tree, Yamagata, Japan / Geomr /.) click on image to go to source page / CC by S.A 3.0 Wikipedia
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Two kaki fruits, one cut open / © Frank Schulenburg / © CC by SA 4.0 / click on image to go to source page / Wikipedia

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Diospyros kaka / Synonyms / The Plant List
(2)
Sorting Passiflora names / /Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1995 - 2020 / A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The Univers ity of Melbourne. Australia.

(2)
Sorting Diospyros names / /Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1995 - 2020 / A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia
(3)
Evaluation studies of persimmon plant (Diospyros kaki) for physiological benefits and bioaccessibility of antioxidants by in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. / Martinez-Las Heras R, Pinazo A, Heredia A, Andres A / Food Chem., 2017;214: pp 478-485 / doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.
(4)
Anti-inflammatory activities of astringent persimmons (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) stalks of various cultivar types based on the stages of maturity in the Gyeongnam province / Jieun Choi, Mi Jeong Kim, Richanrd Komakech, Haiyoung Jung and Youngmin Kang / BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019; 19; Article No 262 / https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2659-5
(5)
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties / Chunyan Xie, Zhisheng Xie, Xin-Jun Xu, Depo Yang / Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Jan 2015 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.007
(6)
An overview of dermatological and cosmeceutical benefits of Diospyros kaki and its phytoconstituents / Muhammad Kashif, Rehan Mustafa et al / Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, Sept-Oct 2017; 27(5): pp 650-662 / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2017.06.004
(7)
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruit: hidden phytochemicals and health claims / Masood Sadiq Butt, M Tauseef Sultan, Mahwish Aziz, Ambreen Naz, Waqas Ahmed, Naresh Kumar, and Muhammad Imran / EXCLI Journal: Experimental and Clinical Sciences, 2015; 14: pp 542-561 / doi: 10.17179/excli2015-159 / PMID: 27047315 / PMCID: PMC4817420
(8)
Diospyros kaki / Wikipedia
(9)
Chemistry and Functionality of Bioactive Compounds Present in Persimmon / Shazia Yaqub, Umar Farooq, Afshan Shafi, Kashif Akram, Mian Anjum Murtaza, Tusneem Kausar  and Farzana Siddique / Journal of Chemistry, Vol 2016; Art ID 3424025 /  https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3424025
(10)
Chemical constituents of the leaves of Diospyros kaki and their cytotoxic effects / G Chen, J Xue, S X Xu, R Q Zhang / Journal of Asian Natural Proucts Research, 2007; 9(4): pp 347-353
(11)
Drug Interactions / WebMD s
(12)
HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF BERRY EXTRACTS OF DIOSPYROS KAKI LINN. AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE MODEL / S. N. V. L. Sirisha, K. Prabhu  and A. Sambasiva Rao / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research,
(13)
Persimmon Leaves (Diospyros kaki) Extract Protects Optic Nerve Crush-Induced Retinal Degeneration / Hong Ryul Ahn, Kyung-A Kim, Suk Woo Kang et al / Scientific Reports, 2017; Vol 7, Art No 46449
(14)
Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Diospyros kaki (Persimmon) and Their Inhibitory Effects on Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B / Phuong Thien thuong, Chul Ho Lee, Trong Tuan Dao, Phi Hung Nguyen, Wan Gi Kim, Sang Jun Lee, and Won Keum Oh / J. Nat. Prod., 2008, 71(10): pp 1775-1778 / https://doi.org/10.1021/np800298w
(15)
Diospyros kaki Extract Inhibits Alkali Burn-Induced Corneal Neovascularization / Sung-Jae Yang, Hyoung Jo, Kyung-A Kim, Hong Ryul Ahn, Woo Kang, and Sang Hoon Jung / Journal of Medicinal Food, 2016; 19(1)https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.3404
(16)
Diospyros kaki: Surviving Radiation / Marijke Creveld / Interhomeopathy
(17)
Phytosomes with Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) Extract: Preparation and Preliminary Demonstration of In Vivo Tolerability / Rosa Direito, Catarina Reis, Luís Roque, Margarida Gonçalves, Ana Sanches-Silva,, Maria Manuela Gaspar, Rui Pinto, João Rocha, Bruno Sepodes, Maria Rosário Bronze and Maria Eduardo Figueira / Pharmaceutics, 2019; 11 / doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11060296
(18)
Antibacterial Activities of Persimmon Extracts Relate with Their Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration / Hidetoshi Arakawa, Makiko Takaski, Noriko Tajima, Haruka Fukamachi, Takeshi Igarashi / Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2014; 37(7): pp 1119-1123 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b13-00952
(19)
Antifungal activity of Plumbagin & Isodiospyrin from Diospyros kaki root bark / Sunity Singh, Ramasre Prasad, Kazal Pathaniaand Himanshu Joshi / Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2012, 2(1): pp 1-5
(20)
Topical application of a cleanser containing extracts of Diospyros kaki folium, Polygonum cuspidatum and Castanea crenata var. dulcis reduces skin oil content and pore size in human skin / Bo Mi Lee, Sungkwan AnSoo‑Yeon Kim, Hyun Joo Han, Yu‑Jin Jeong, Kyoung‑Rok Lee, Nam Kyung Roh, Kyu Joong Ahn, In‑Sook An, Hwa Jun Cha / Biomedical Reports / https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2015.435
(21)
Anticancer activity of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) calyx extracts on human cancer cells / Kyung-Jin Jo, Jeung-Min Lee, Seung-Cheol Lee and Hae-Ryong Park / Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, June 2011; 5(12): pp 2546-2550. / DOI: 10.5897/JMPR
(22)
The leaves of Diospyros kaki exert beneficial effects on a benzalkonium chloride–induced murine dry eye model / Kyung-A Kim, Lee Chung Hyun, Sang Hoon Jung, Sung Jae Yang / Molecular Vision, 2016; 22: pp 284-293 / http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v22/284
(23)
Japanese Persimmon: Diospyros kaki L. / Morton, J. 1987. Japanese Persimmon. p. 411–416. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. / Hort-Purdue.Edu
(24)
Persimmon-derived tannin has bacteriostatic and anti-inflammatory activity in a murine model of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease / Yoko Matsumura, Masahiro Kitabatake, Noriko Ouji-Sageshima, Satsuki Yasui, Naoko Mochida, Ryuichi Nakano, Kei Kasahara, Koichi Tomoda, Hisakazu Yano, Shin-ichi Kayano,Toshihiro Ito  /PLOS ONE: 2017 / https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183489
(25)
Radical Scavenging Activity and Phenolic Compounds in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Mopan) / X.N. CHEN, J.F. FAN, X. YUE, X.R. WU, AND L.T. LI / Journal of Food Science, 2008, 73)1) / doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00587.x
(26)
Comparison of the quality of dried persimmon (Diospyros kaki THUNB.) treated with medicinal plant extracts and food additives / Jun-Hoi Kim, Il Kyung Chung, Hak Yoon Kim, Kyung-Min Kim / Food Science & Nutrition, 6(8) / https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.673
(27)
Role of Brassinosteroids in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) Fruit Ripening / Yiheng He, Jiaying Li, Qiuyan Ban, Shoukun Han, Jingping Rao / Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018 66(11): pp 2637-2644 / https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06117
(28)
Larvicidal, insecticidal, brine shrimp cytotoxicity and anti-oxidant activities of Diospyros kaki (L.) reported from Pakistan / Mohammad Nisar, Syed Muhammad Mukarram Shah, Imran Khan2, Sheema, Abdul Sadiq, Shahzeb Khan and Syed Muhammad Hassan Shah / Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., July 2015; 28(4): pp 1239-1243
(29)
Acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity of polysaccharide fraction from the leaves of Diospyros kaki thumb / Chang-Won Cho / 4th International Conference and Exhibition on Food Processing & Technology, August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
(30)
Protective Effect of Diospyros kaki against Glucose-Oxygen-Serum Deprivation-Induced PC12 Cells Injury / Fatemeh Forouzanfar, Shaghayegh Torabi, Vahid R. Askari,  Elham Asadpour,  and Hamid R. Sadeghnia / Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciencs, Vol 2016; Article ID ID 3073078  / https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3073078
(31)
Lotus of Japan: a fruit with unexpected virtues
(32)
Ebenaceae / Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines

                                                                          DOI
It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT