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Family Burseraceae
Bogo
Garuga floribunda Decne.
BURUS
Duo hua bai tou shu

Scientific names Common names
Boswellia javanica Turcz. Burus (Ilk.)
Bursera javanica (Turcz.) Baill. Bogo (C. Bis.)
Garuga abilo (Blanco) Merr. Gabilo (Tag.)
Garuga clarkii Merr.  
Garuga floribunda Decne.  
Garuga littoralis Merr.  
Garuga mollis Turcz.  
Garuga pacifica Burkill  
Garuga pinnata var. mollis Kurz  
Infraspecific taxa  
Garuga floribunda var. gamblei (King ex W.W.Sm). Kalkman  
Garuga floribunda Decne. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
CHINESE: Duo hua bai tou shu.
INDONESIAN: Kedongdong, Ki langit, Kayu kambing, Garuga, Wiyu.

Tidbit
- A bogo tree stands in front of the Bogo Cityhall in St. Joseph Village, Bogo City, Cebu. Oral history narrates that early inhabitants of Bogo did trade from under this tree with people from neighboring provinces of Leyte, Masbate, Negros, etc. (3)

Botany
Bogo is a deciduous, small to medium sized, occasionally large, tree growing up to 30 meters high. Bole is straight, cylindrical, unbranched up to 12 to 20 meters, with a diameters of up to 120 centimeters and buttresses up to 3 meters high. Bark has flaking and fissured, gray or gray-white in color; inner bark is rubbery and pink. Leaves are fugacious, odd-pinnate, alternately along the branches, and crowded at the apex of twigs. Leaflets are oppositely arranged along the rachis, oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate. Flowers are in axillary panicles, bisexual, with a copular receptacle. Sepals are free. Petals have inflexed tips. Stamens are inserted on the margin of the receptacle. Ovary is superior, five locular with two ovules in each cell. Fruit is a drupe, blue, fleshy, with one to five one-seeded pyrenes.

Distribution
- From northern Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao, in thicketes and seconday forests.
- Nowhere abundant.
- Occasionally planted as a shade tree or as a liviing fence.
- Found in southern China, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, New Guinea, and most of the Pacific Islands.

Constituents
- Phytochemical analysis of stems yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, oxalic acid, formic acid, tartaric acid, fats and oils. (3)
- Study of seed oil for fatty acid profile yielded linoleic acid as most abundant, along with oleci acid and minor amounts of cyclic fatty acid, dihydrosterculic acid. (6)

Properties
- Leaves are astringent.
- Studies have suggestes antimalarial and free radical scavenging activities.

Parts used
Bark, leaves.

Uses

Culinary
- Fruit reportedly edible.
Folkloric
- Decoction of bark used after childbirth.
- Bark mixed with sambulawan used to treat scabies or itchiness, boils, abscesses, fungal diseases.
- In India, leaf used in the treatment of asthma; fruit used for dysentery; bark applied to eye disorders and wounds; roots used for skin or venereal disorders. (3)
Others
- Wood: Used for general construction, posts, flooring, furniture, cabinetry, moldings, shelvings, agricultural implements, toys, turnery, and the production of veneer and plywood.

- Fodder: Leaves used for fodder.
- Dye: Black dye from leaf decoction used to color leaf mats from Corypha.

Studies
Free Radical Scavenging:
Study evaluated 80% ethanol extract of leaves and stems of three plants, viz., Garuga floribunda, Ochrosia akkeringae, and Tabernaemontana pandacaqui for in-vitro free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay. Garuga floribunda leaf extract showed the lowest IC50 at 6.68 ppm compared to vitamin C with 3.11 ppm. A low IC50 has potential for development as medicinal drug. (4)
• Antimalarial / Leaves: Study evaluated twenty extracts from leaves and stems from Indonesian plants for in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falcifarum 3D7 strain (chloroquine-sensitive) using HRP2 assay. Two leaves extracts showed activity as antimalarial, viz., Garuga floribunda and Alectryon serratus with IC50 values of <14.8 µg/ml and 15.5-30.9 µg/ml, respectively. The extracts were rich in substances known to have antimalarial activity, such as terpenoids, polyphenol, flavonoids, and anthraquinone. (5)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.

© Godofredo U. Stuart Jr., M.D.

February 2018

IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph / File:Garuga floribunda, flowering.jpg / 11 Jan 2014 / Tau'olunga / CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikipedia
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: / Photo / Burseraceae : Garuga floribunda / Attachment of Leaflets / Copyright © 2014 by Greg Rule (contact: pieter.pelser@canterbury.ac.nz) [ref. DOL80735] / Non-Commercial Use / Phytoimages.siu.edu

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Garuga floribunda / Useful Tropical Plants

(2)
Garuga floribunda / Synonyms / The Plant List
(3)
HISTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND MEDICINAL POTENTIALS OF GARUGA FLORIBUNDA IN MINDANAO ISLAND, PHILIPPINES / Dave BUENAVISTA*, Marilag MATEO / Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, 2017, Vol. 20 (2): pp.147-152
(4)
Study of Ethanol 80% Extract of Garuga floribunda, Ochrosia akkeringae, Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Potention by In Vitro Free-radical Scavenging Activity Test / Ismail / ADLN – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
(5)
IN VITRO ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY SCREENING OF SEVERAL INDONESIA N PLANTS USING HRP2 ASSAY / Aty Eidyawaruyanti, Arannya Puspita Devi, Nike Fatria, Lidya Tumewu, Indah S Tantular, Achmad Fuad Hafid / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 6, Issue 6, 2014
(6)
Fatty Acid Profiles of Garuga floribunda, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Melanolepis multiglandulosa and Premna odorata Seed Oils / Gerhard Knothe Luis F. et al. / The journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society / AGRIS: INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page.

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