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Family Apocynaceae
Bikat
Anodendron parviflorum (Roxb.) I.M.Turner
ANDAMANESE BOWSTRING PLANT

Scientific names Common names
Anodendron lanceolatum King & Gamble Ball lily (Engl.)
Anodendron manubriatum (Wall. ex Steud.) Merr. Blood flower (Engl.)
Anodendron moluccanum Miq. Andamanese bowstring plant (Engl.)
Anodendron paniculatum A.DC. Twin-net (Engl.)
Anodendron parviflorum (Roxb.) I.M.Turner  
Anodendron rhinosporum Thwaites  
Anodendron sutepense Kerr  
Anodendron tenuiflorum (Miq.) Miq.  
Echites manubriatus Wall.ex Steud.  
Echites paniculatus Roxb.  
Echites parviflorus Roxb.  
Echites polyanthus Wall.  
Echites trichotomus Desf.  
Epigynum parviflorum (Roxb.) Hook.f.  
Gymnema nepaulense J.Graham\  
Ichnocarpus paniculatus Moon  
Strophantus balansae Franch.  
Tabernaemontana tenuiflora Miq.  
Note: Until a Philippine local name is found, I am using the Indonesian name, Bikat, for the plant page title. (G.Stuart)
Anodendron paniculatum is a synonym of A. parvifloru.
Anodendron parviflorum (Roxb.) I.MTurner is an accepted speces. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
FRANCE: Liane parachute.
INDONESIA: Gambi (Javanese), Bikat (Dayak), Upapi (Ambon).
KANNADA: Maniballi.
MALAYALAM: Kakkakodi.
SINHALA: Aswel, Gerandidul wel, Dul, Gerandi dul.
TAMIL: Sarrakkodi.
THAILAND: Thao yaang nong, Phi-pha-du, Yaang nong thao.

OTHERS: Sanakulipa.


Gen info
- Anodendron parviflorum is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, native to tropical Asia. It was first described by William Roxburg in 1832 as Echites parviflorus. (3)
- Etymology: The genus name Anodendron derives from Greek words ano (climbing) and dendron (tree), referring to the habit. The species epithet parviflorum derives from Latin words parvi (small) and florum (flower) referring to the small flowers.

Botany
Anodendron paniculatum is a glabrous liana. Leaves with petiole up to 2.5 cm long; blade elliptical to obovate, 14-28 cm × 1-10 cm (2-4.5 times as long as wide), base cuneate to rounded, apex acuminate, lateral veins 8-18 pairs. Inflorescence 5-15 cm long; pedicel 1.5-3 mm long; sepals about 1 mm long; petals whitish-yellow, glabrous outside, pubescent inside, tube 1-3 mm long, lobes 2-4 mm long; stamens inserted up to 1 mm from corolla base; disk 0.3 mm in diameter; pistil 1-1.5 mm long. Fruit 8-16 cm × 1-3 cm. Seed up to 22 mm × 9 mm, beak 6-17 mm long, coma 5-9 cm long.
(2)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Also native to Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nicobar Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam. (1)

- Along streams and secondary forests up to 1,700 m.

Constituents
- Study of aerial parts isolated a new triterpene, anopaniester (1), cycloartenol (2), ursolic acid (3), esculenic acid (4), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (5), desmosterol (6), stigmasterol (7), vaniline (8), ad (E)-phytol (9). (see study below) (4)
- A methanol extract of aerial parts yielded alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols and flavonoids, with high amounts of terpenoids (41.19 mg linalool/g). (see study below) (5)
- Methanol extract of calli showed high contents of total phenol and alkaloid, 25.53 and 25.98 mg/g, respectively. (see study below) (6)
- Qualitative phytochemmical screening methanolic extract of bark yielded alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins and amino acids. GC-MS analysis revealed 16 bioactive compounds, including 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose, γ-Sitosterol, n-Hexadecenoic acid, stigmasterol, squalene, campesterol etc. (7)
- Study of aerial parts of A. paniculatum isolated three triterpenes, namely ursolic acid (1), esculentic acid (2), cycloarteno0l (3), and one sterol, desmosterol (4). (see study below) (8)

Properties
- Studies have suggested cytotoxic, anticancer, antibacterial properties.

Parts used
Leaves, aerial parts.

Uses

Folkloric

- Dayak in Kalimantan boil the bast to use as medicine for ulcers.
- In India, roots used for treatment of vomiting and cough. Latex used for treatment of snake bites and centipede bites. (5)
Others
- Fiber: Fiber is fine, strong, and durable. In the Moluccas, bast fiber made into fishing nets and bow-strings.
In Kalimantan, mainly used for fishing nets. In Malaysia, bast used for tying. In Indo-China, fiber used as sewing thread. In Java, twisted stems used as coarse tying material. (2)

Studies
Cytotoxicity / Anticancer / Aerial Parts:
Study of aerial parts isolated a new triterpene, anopaniester (1), cycloartenol (2), ursolic acid (3), esculenic acid (4), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (5), desmosterol (6), stigmasterol (7), vaniline (8), ad (E)-phytol (9). Compounds 3 and 6 showed significant inhibitory effect (IC50s ranging from 30.89 to 44.37 µg/ml) against human cancer cell lines LU-1 and MKN-7. (4)
Antibacterial / Aerial Parts: Study of evaluated extracts of aerial parts for phytoconstituents and antimicrobial activity. A methanol extract showed highest yield of chemical constituents, with terpenoids recorded in high amounts (41.19 mg linalool/g). The ME showed high antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholera compared to positive control. (see constituents above) (5)
Secondary Metabolites / Antioxidant / Calli: Methanol extract of calli showed high contents of total phenol and alkaloid, 25.53 and 25.98 mg/g, respectively. The ME of tissue culture plant at higher concentrations showed betters antioxidant activity compared to reference ascorbic acid. Tissue culture extracts from methanol showed maximum scavenging activity with 231.9& at 200 µg/ml concentration, compared to adult plant extracts at 189.1%. The high calli antioxidant activity was attributed to presence of high phenolic and alkaloid contents. (see constituents above) (6)
Cytotoxicity / Aerial Parts: Study of aerial parts of A. paniculatum isolated three triterpenes, namely ursolic acid (1), esculentic acid (2), cycloarteno0l (3), and one sterol, desmosterol (4). Compound 1 exhibited a moderate cytotoxicity against the LU–1 and MKN–7 cell lines with IC50s of 44.37 ± 5.40 and 30.89 ± 3.60 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 4 showed moderate cytotoxic effects toward the LU–1, KB, Hep–G2, MKN–7 and SW–480 cell lines with IC50s ranging from 28.11 ± 1.95 to 41.41 ± 2.31 μg/mL. (8)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

May 2023

                                                 PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Anodendron parviflorum / Dinesh Valke / CC by SA 2.0 / click on image or link to go to source page / Wikimedia Commons
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photo -- Apocynaceae : Anodendron parviflorum / Leaf / Copyright © 2011 by Leonardo L Co [ref. DOL25684] / image modified / Non-Commercial Use / click on image or link to go to source page / Phytoimages.siu.edu
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Anodendron parviflorum / Dinesh Valke / CC by SA 2.0 / image modified / click on image or link to go to source page / Wikipedia

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Anodendron parviflorum (Roxb.) I.M.Turner / Synonyms / KEW: Plants of the World Online

(2)
Anodendron (PROSEA) / M. Brink / Pl@ntUse
(3)
Anodendron parviflorum / Wikipedia
(4)
A new triterpene ester and other chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Anodendron paniculatum and their cytotoxic activity / Ho Viet Duc, Hanh Nhu Thi Hoang, Quoc Hung Vo, Nguyen Minh Hien et al / Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 2017; 20(2): pp 1-7 / DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1336163
(5)
Studies on Phyto Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Endemic Medicinal Plant Anodendron paniculatum / K Nagendra Prasad, G Kranthi Kumar, M Raghu Ram / IJPBS: International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2019; 9(3): pp 244-248 / pISSN: 2321-3272 / eISSN: 2230-7605 / DOI: 10.21276/ijpbs.2019.9.3.35
(6)
Antioxidant activity and production of secondary metabolites of adult plant and in vitro calli of Anodendron paniculatum  [2019] /  G Krnathi Kumar, K Nagendra Prasad, M Raghu Ram / Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 2019;  11(3): pp  632-635/ ISSN: 2231-5209
(7)
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON THE PHYTOMEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC BARK EXTRACTS OF ANODENDRON PANICULATUM (Roxb.) A. DC. / P G Jiji, V S Anila, M P Subin / JASR: Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2020, Vol 2020: pp 23-28 / eISSN: 0976-9595
(8)
TRITERPENOID AND STEROL COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM ANODENDRON PANICULATUM (ROXB.) A. DC.  / Hoang Thi Nhu Hanh, Vu Duc Canh, Hoang Thi Dieu Huong, Ho Viet Duc, Nguyen Thi Hoai / Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science, 2017; 126(1B): pp 145-153 /
DOI: 10.26459/hueunie-jns.v126i1B.4447

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

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