 Gen info
- Cipadessa is a genus of plants in the family Meliaceae. The genus is monotypic, with Cipadessa baccifera its single species. It is host plant for many moth species. (2)
Botany
• It is a small shrub with only 5m tall. Leaves compound, imparipinnate; lamina elliptic, apex acute to acuminate; base acute, cuneate or attenuate with entire margin. Flowers are white colored and show axillary panicles inflorescence. Fruit is a globose drupe with 5 pyrenes. (2)
• Shrubs or small trees, 2–6(–9) m tall, sometimes ± subscandent. Bark smooth, mottled, finely lenticellate; Leaves 10–28 cm long; paler abaxially, petiole to 6 cm, terete, pubescent. Petals 3.5–4 mm long, ovate, greenish or cream to white, densely pubescent without. Ovary 5–6-angular, glabrous, style c. 0.7 mm, glabrous. (3)
Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- In Luzon, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya; in Mindanao, Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga; in Mindora and Panay. (4)
- Also native to Bangladesh, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam.. (1)
 Constituents
- Phytochemical screening of Shael yielded anthraquinones, anthrones, alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, triterpenes, steroids, phenols, and essential oils. (6)
- Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanol extract and EDE (ethanol defatted extract) showed presence of tannin, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids., while AE and ADE (aqueous defatted extract) yielded alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, proteins, tannins and phenols, flavonoids, and amino acids. (see study below) (7)
- Study of dry seeds isolated four compounds
elucidated by spectral analysis as cipadesin (1), 17α,20R-dihydroxypregnan-3,16-dione (2), 1,4-epoxy-16-hydroxyheneicos-1,3,12,14,18-pentaene (3) and 1,4-epoxy-16-hydroxyheneicos-1,3,12,14-tetraene (4), along with known 2β,3β,4β-trihydroxypregnan-16-one, febrifugin, and khaysin T. (11)
- Essential oil from leaves was extracted through hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Yield of EO based on dry weight of plant was 1.1% (v/w). Forty-one constituents were identified accounting for 99.62% of EO. Sesquiterpenes was the major group of compounds representing 78.14% of EO, which consisted of caryophyllene (17.32%), isoledene (9.12%), 15,cis-calamenene (7.42%), and
ß-sesquiphellandrene (7.32%). (12)
 - Methanol extract of leaves yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. LC-MS/MS analysis of EA fractions revealed quercimeritrin, kaempferal 3-0-ß-D-glucopyranoside, oxofangchirine, and glehlinoside B. (see study below) (13)
- Study of stems isolated two new tetranortriterpenoids, cipadessalide ( 1) and rubralin D ( 2), one new pregnane, 3beta,4beta-dihydroxy-2beta-acetoxypregnan-16-one ( 3), and two new sesquiterpenoids, bacciferins A ( 4) and B ( 5), along with 10 known compounds.
(17)
- Proximate analysis of fruits yielded: Moisture 64.10%, total ash 1.22%. total protein 0.43%. fat ).14%, crude fiber 26.8%, NFE 7.31%, total carbohydrates 34.11%. Mineral composition in mg/100g consisted of calcium 733.0,
copper 0.1, iron 2.1, potassium 408.97, magnesium 35.3, manganese 0.57, sodium 1.58, phosphorus 142.47, zinc 0.78. Vitamin composition only revealed Vitamin B9 at 4.0 ppm. (19)
- Study of leaves isolated 18 new limonoids, including 8 methyl angolensates (1-8) and 10 cipadesins (9-18). (see study below) (20)
- Study of petroleum ether fraction of twigs and leaves of C. baccifera isolated 19 mexicanolide-type limonoids including 12 previously undescribed limonoids (1-12) and seven known analogues (13-19). (see study below) (21)
- Study of ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of C. baccifera leaves isolated four new cipadessin-type limonoids, cipaferens A-D (1-4) along with two known compounds (5,6). (see study below) (25)
- Study of Cipadessa baccifera isolated three limonoids cipaferoids A-C (1-3). (see study below) (29)
Properties
- Studies suggested cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antimicrobial, wound healing, mosquito larvicidal, smoke toxicity, insecticidal, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, anticancer, antimalarial, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, ovicidal, thrombolytic, antidiabetic, anti-psoriatic properties.
Parts used
Leaves, roots, twigs, fruits.
 Uses
Edibility
- Fruits are edible; small and green when unripe, purple to black when ripe.
Folkloric
- Traditionally used for treatment of diarrhea, toothache, cough, colds, indigestion, flu symptoms, dysmenorrhea, urinary tract infections, bleeding and swelling gums, skin rashes, high blood sugar, dandruff, natural family planning, animal farm deworming, and skin diseases. Elders in the Bokod community in Benguet claim it as effective as an alternative form of contraception. Caution is advised that excessive use may cause infertility. (6)
- Used for treatment of psoriasis, chicken pox, fever.
-
In India, leaves used as powerful antivenom, especially for cobra poison. Juice of roots used treatment of indigestion, cough and cold. Paste of bark pressed on teeth to relieve bleeding and swelling of gums. (5)
- Leaves are added to drinking alcohol in the belief that it reduces hangovers and the bitter taste of liquor. (6)
Others
- Soap: The seeds yield 11% oil, used in the manufacture of soap in China. (3)
Studies
• Cytotoxicity: Using CAM (chorioallantoic membrane assay), brine shrimp assay and Zebrafish embryotoxicity assay, ethanolic leaf extract exhibited cytotoxic effects wherein mortality rate increased with increase in concentration. Test on zebrafish confirmed embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of the plant extract. LC50 of the ethanolic extract was recorded at 434 ppm. (6)
• Anti-Diabetic Wound Healing / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated an ethanolic defatted extract (EDE) of Cipadessa baccifera leaf for anti-diabetic wound healing activity in excision and incision models in male albino Wistar rats. Ascorbic acid was used as reference standard for antioxidant activity. The EDE of leaf showed higher total phenolic content at 389.2 mg gal/l, and showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity at 68.75%. Antimicrobial activity was done against S. aureus and E. coli by disc diffusion and well diffusion method using chloramphenicol as reference standard. The extract showed good zone of inhibition. At 200 mg/kg EDE, treated group showed 95% wound closure while 100 mg showed 75% wound closure. Results showed prominent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and potential wound healing activity. (see constituents above) (7)
• Adulticidal and Smoke Toxicity Against Mosquito Vectors: Study evaluated the adulticidal and smoke toxicity of C. baccifera against three mosquito vectors viz. Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. The plant crude extracts showed dose dependent mortality. Highest adulticidal activity was observed in the acetone extract against An. stephensi, followed by Ae. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus with LD50s and LD90s of 16.021 and 29.095; 23.581 and 38.636; and 13.560 and 248.35 mg/ml, respectively. There was no mortality in control. Smoke toxicity results with C. baccifera plant powder showed 88.6, 78.2 and 77 for CQ, AS, and AA, respectively. Results suggest the leaf powder can be used for efficient toxicity against mosquitoes and the leaf extract can be use as eco-friendly approach for control of mosquitoes. (8)
• Insecticidal Activities / Leaves and Fruits: Limonoids from C. baccifera leaves have showed moderate antimalarial activity. The acetone extract inhibited freshly laid eggs of mosquito Cx. quinquefasciatus. Acetone extract of C. baccifera leaves showed smoking toxicity toward mosquitoes A. stephensi, A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus. Hexane and dichloromethane extracts of fruits showed toxicity toward leaf-cutting ant, A. sexdens rubropilosa. Hexane extract of leaves showed insecticidal activity toward the cotton bollworm, H. armigera. Petroleum ether extract reduced pupation rate and pupal weight and caused higher percentage of malformed adults. Hexane extract reduced fecundity and egg hatchability in first-generation adults. (9)
• Extrafloral Nectaries: Study is the first report of an extrafloral nectary (EFN) from Asian Meliaceae. The pinnately compound leaf of Cipadessa baccifera has 25-35 small, ellipsoidal EFNs on leaflets. EFNs secrete nectar until leaf maturity, then gradually wither. Each convex, ellipsoidal EFN is parenchymatous, without a palisade epidermis, a delimiting nectary sheath, or any vascular affiliation. (10)
• Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated the antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition activity, and bioactive compounds of methanol extract and active fraction of C. baccifera leaves. The ME yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The ethyl acetate fraction showed highest levels of flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity,. LC-MS/MS analysis of EA fractions revealed quercimeritrin, kaempferal 3-0-ß-D-glucopyranoside, oxofangchirine, and glehlinoside B. (13)
• Antibacterial / Anticancer / Branches and Leaves: Study of branches and leaves purified five undescribed triterpenoids and steroids (1-5) along with 10 known compounds. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial potential against five pathogenic microorganisms and antiproliferation activities against five cancer cell lines (HeLa, LN-Cap, K562, Hell, and PC3). Compounds 5, 12, 13, and 14 exhibited moderate antibacterial activities with MICs in range of 25-50 µg/mL. Compound 5 showed cytotoxicity against the five cancer cell lines with IC50s ranging from 8.0 to 19.9 µM. (14)
• Antimicrobial / Leaves and Essential Oil: Study revealed essential oils and crude solvent extracts of leaves of C. baccifera showed significant antibacterial potential against diarrhea, skin wound, and oral pathogens via inhibition of both Gram positive, Gram negative and fungal species. Its broad spectrum of antibacterial activity validates its tradition and folk medicinal use for treatment of dysentery, skin related disorders and wounds. (15)
• Zinc Nanoparticles / Larvicidal Against Mosquito Vectors / Leaves: Study evaluated the insecticidal potential of leaf extract of C. baccifera and synthesized ZnNPOs against three major mosquito vectors. The ZnNPs produced high mortality against Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50 0.0409653 mg/mL, LC90 0.9842 mg/mL), Anopheles stephensi (LC50 0.053421, LC90 0.027761 mg/mL), and Aedes aegypti (LC50 0.55214 , LC90 0.7456 mg/mL). Results suggest the ZnNPs has potential as ideal eco-friendly approach toward mosquito vector control at early stages. (16)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Leaves: Study reports on a rapid, simple, eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using C. baccifera aqueous leaf extract. (18)
• Antimalarial Limonoids / Leaves: Study of leaves isolated 18 new limonoids, including 8 methyl angolensates (1-8) and 10 cipadesins (9-18). Compounds 1, 5, 6, 7, 11, and 12 showed moderate antimalarial activities with IC50s ranging from 12 to 28 µM. (20)
• Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity / Anticancer / Limonoids / Twigs and Leaves: Study of petroleum ether fraction of twigs and leaves of C. baccifera isolated 19 mexicanolide-type limonoids including 12 previously undescribed limonoids (1-12) and seven known analogues (13-19). 3-O-detigloyl-3-O-isobutyrylfebrifugin A, febrifugin A, febrifugin, and khaysin T exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 18.56 ± 0.27 to 38.00 ± 0.85 μM. Compounds 3-O-detigloyl-3-O-isobutyrylfebrifugin A, granatumin E, khaysin T, and 2′S-cipadesin A showed moderate inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterae (AChE) at 50 μM. (21)
• Ovicidal against Culex quinquefasciatus / Egg Membrane Alteration: Study evaluated the ovicidal potential of crude solvent extracts from C. baccifera. Results showed egg hatching inhibition inversely proportional to the concentration of extracts. Morphological damage to the eggs was observed. Among five solvent extracts, acetone extracts showed highest ovicidal activity with DT50 of 1.70 hrs (0.91-2.22). Results suggest potential for use of acetone extracts of C. baccifera as ovicidal agent for controlling mosquito populations in aquatic stages. Biodegradability of the extracts presents an eco-friendly alternative. (22)
• Thrombolytic: Study evaluated extracts of C. baccifera and E. acaulis for in-vitro thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts of Cipadessa baccifera showed 54.64% clot lysis. Activity was concentration dependent along with incubation time factor. Streptokinase standard showed maximum 79.86% clot lysis. C. baccifera did not show inhibition of hypotonicity induced HRBC membrane lysis. (23)
• Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi / Leaves: Study evaluated the antibacterial properties of rantiti leaves against S. aureus and S. typhi using disc diffusion method. An ethyl acetate fraction showed greatest zone of inhibition of 12.66 mm against S. aureus and 10.73 mm against S. typhi. Positive control cotrimoxazole showed ZOI of 21 mm and 26.85 mm against Sa and St respectively. Phytoconstituent screening revealed tannins, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. Results suggest strong antibacterial properties against the two microorganisms. (24)
• Cipadessin-Type Limonoids / Cipaferens A-D / Anticancer / Leaves: Study of ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of C. baccifera leaves isolated four new cipadessin-type limonoids, cipaferens A-D (1-4) along with two known compounds (5,6). Isolate 1-5 were tested for cytotoxicity against A549, MCF7, KBS, HeLa and IMR-32 cell lines using MTT assay. All the compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxic effects against the tested cell lines. (25)
• Insecticidal / Efficacy Against Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera / Leaves: Study evaluated C. baccifera for insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera. Among tested extracts, the hexane extract was most effective in curtailing fecundity and egg hatchability in the first generation adults. A petroleum ether extract could cause significant reduction in pupation and pupal weight and higher percentage of malformed adults. (26)
• Antidiabetic / Leaves: Study reports on the antidiabetic properties of C. baccifera by evaluating methanolic extracts of leaves and roots using α-amylase and α-glucosidase bioassays. At concentration of 400 µg/mL, leaf and root extracts showed significant α-amylase inhibition at 43.68% and 39.26% respectively. Inhibition increased with increase in concentration. Standard acarbose at 16 µg/mL showed 93.45% α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 2.46 µg/mL. (27)
• Cytotoxic Limonoids Against Glioma Cell Line: Glioma is a common malignant tumor with a high incidence rate with low cure rate. Study isolated from C. baccifera one previously undescribed limonoid (1), along with two known cipadesin-type limonoids 2 and 3. Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against U251 and BT-325 cells with IC50s of 7.32 and13.25 µM, suggest potential for compound 1 as a promising lead compound for treatment of glioma. (28)
• Cipaferoid Limonoids / Antimalarial: Study of Cipadessa baccifera isolated three limonoids cipaferoids A-C (1-3). Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited moderate antimalarial activity with IC50s of 9.3 and 14.7 µmol/L respectively. (29)
• Anti-Psoriatic Activity / Leaves: In-silico docking study evaluated the clinical use of C. baccifera in psoriasis with its phytoconstituents. All retrieved eight phytoconstituents possess drug likeness properties, which are nontoxic in nature and showing bioavailability, and significant inhibitory activities on validated anti-psoriatic targeted proteins, 2ZEB (Human Mast Cell Tryptase) and 2AOT (Histamine methyltransferase). Results suggest potential role of C. baccifera in psoriatic patients, supporting its traditional claim through in silico docking study. (30)
Availability
Wild-crafted.
Seeds in the cybermarket. |
