Gen info
- Rain lily names derives from its characteristic for blooming only after heavy rains.
- Etymology: The genus name Zephyranthes literally means "flowers of the west wind" from the Greek words zephuros, meaning "the god of the west wind", and anthos, meaning "flower". Zephyrus, the Greek personification of the west wind, is also associated with rainfall. The species epithet rosea derives from Latin, meaning "rosy". (6)

Botany
Zephyranthes rosea is a low-growing, stemless, rosette-like herb with tunicated, ovoid bulb. Leaves are grassy, shiny, linear, all basal, thick, flat, and fleshy. Scape is slightly compressed, erect, green, arising from the elongation of the bulb to flowering, slightly longer than the leaves, bearing a single flower. Perianth is pink to purple, tube is funnel-shaped, 4 centimeters long with six oblong lobes, 1 to 1.5 centimeters wide; the inner three are narrower than the somewhat spreading outer ones. Stamens are six, yellow-anthered, with filaments attached to the throat of the perianth tube. Filiform style extends into a 3-lobed stigma, towering above the stamens. Ovary is 3-celled and grows into a 3-valved capsule which is more of less globose.

Distribution
- Introduced into the Philippines, now widespread at low and medium altitudes.
- Cultivated as an ornamental plant.
- Naturalized to tropical America, Asia, Australia and some Pacific Islands.
- Native to Colombia, Peru.

Constituents
- Bulbs yield lycorine, galanthamine, epimaritidine, crinamine, haemanthamine, maritidine.
- Study yielded an alkaloid, (+)-epimaritinine. (see study below) (2)

Properties
- Toxicity: Bulbs of some Zephyranthes species contain various toxic alkaloids including lycorine and haemanthamine. They can cause vomiting, convulsions, and death to humans, livestock, and poultry. Although rain lily bulbs are considered to have low toxicity, homeowners must be aware of the poisonous potential of rain lily. (3)

Parts utilized
- Bulbs, leaves, roots.

Uses
Folkloric
- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
- Bulbs used for arthritis and furunculosis; leaves for tuberculosis; roots for cough and tuberculosis.
- In China, used for treating breast cancer. (4)
- In India, bulb extracts of Z. rosea and Z. flava used for treatment of diabetes, ear and chest ailments, and viral infections. (4)
- In the Lucayan Archipelago, used to treat respiratory problems, cough, tuberculosis.

Studies
• Lectins / Agglutination Effect / Potential for Bacterial Typing: 102 plant extracts from 13 monocot families in Vietnam were screening for lectin activity. Zephyranthes rosea had an agglutinating effect on Staph aureus suggesting a potential for a classification scheme for bacterial typing. The tuber showed the highest lectin activity. (1)
• (+)-epimaritidine / Alkaloid: Study isolated (+)-epimaritidine, an alkaloid from Zephyranthes rosea. (+)-Epimaritidine comprises a missing link in the C-3 epimeric pairs of 5,10b-ethanophenanthridine alkaloids of the vittatine-haemanthamine type. (2)
• Silver Oxide Nanoparticles / Antibacterial / Antioxidant / Anti-Inflammatory / Flowers: Study reports on the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles using Z. rosea flower extract. The Ag2O NPs showed potential antibacterial activity against strains of E. coli, Streptococcus mutans, and S. aureus. Antioxidant activity was 73.82% at 100 µg/mL. Anti-inflammatory activity was 97.19% at 500 µg/mL using BSA denaturation technique. Antidiabetic activity by α-amylase assay showed inhibition percentage of 75.7% at 500 µg/mL. (8)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Ornamental cultivation.

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Screening of Monocot Lectins in Vietnam and Using Them in Bacteria Typing / Bui Phuong Thuan, Le Quy Thuong / KKU Science Journal Volume 37 (Supplement)
(2)
(+)-Epimaritidine, an alkaloid from Zephyranthes rosea / Shibnath Ghosal, Ashutosh, Sushma Razdan / Phytochemistry (1985), Volume: 24, Issue: 3, Pages: 635-637
(3)
Rainlily, Zephyranthes and Habranthus spp.: Low Maintenance Flowering Bulbs for Florida Gardens / Gary W. Knox / EDIS
(4)
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Zephyranthes / Katoch D and Singh B* / Singh and Katoch, Med Aromat Plants 2015, 4:4
(5)
Zephyrathes rosea / Synonyms /KEW: Plants of the World Online
(6)
Zephyranthes rosea / Wikipedia
(7)
Zephyranthes rosea / LEON LEVY: Native Plant Preserve
(8)
Green synthesis of Silver oxide nanoparticles using Zephyranthes Roseaflower extract and evaluation of biological activities / G Maheshwaran, A Nivedhitha Bharathi, M Malai Selvi, M Krishna Kumar, R Mohan Kumar, S Sudhahar / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2020; 8(5): 104137 /
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104137

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)