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Family Schizaeaceae
Nitong-pula
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Swartz.
JAPANESE CLIMBING FERN
Ha ma teng

Scientific names  Common names 
Adiantum scandens Lour. Nitong-pula (Tag.) 
Davallia scandens (Lour.) Sw. Nito-a-purao (Ig., Ilk.) 
Hydroglossum dissectum (Desv.) Steud. Climbing fern spore (Engl.)
Hydroglossum japonicum (Thunb.) Willd. Japanese climbing fern (Engl.)
Lygodium chaerophylloides Desv. Vine-like fern (Engl.)
Lygodium cochinchinense (Poir.) Desv.  
Lygodium dissectum Desv.  
Lygodium finlaysonianum Wall.  
Lygodium hazaricum F.Haq  
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Swartz  
Lygodium japonicum f. elongatum Alderw.  
L. japonicum var. microstachyum (Desv.) C.Chr. & Tardieu  
Lygodium mearnsii Copel.  
Lygodium microphyllum Link  
Lygodium microstachyum Desv.  
Lygodium microstachyum var. glabrescens Nakai  
Lygodium pubescens Kaulf.  
Lygodium tenue Blume  
Ophioglossum japonicum Thunb.  
Nito's varieties of common names is confusingly shared among four species of plants belonging to the Family Schizaeceae / Gemus Lygodium: (1) Nito, Lygodium circinnatum, nitong puti, nitoan (2) Nitong puti, Lygodium flexuosum, nito nga purao (3) Nitong-pula, Lygodium japonicum, nito, nito-a-purao (4) Nito-nitoan, Lygodium scandens, nitong parang, nito.
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. is an accepted species. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
CHINESE: Luo wang teng, Tie xian teng, Hai jin sha, Ha ma teng.
HIMALAYA: Fern-bel.
JAPANESE: Tsuru-shinobu.
MIAO: Noc gongz, Saans meiq.
NEPAL: Nagbeli, Banmala.

Gen info
- Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America.
- It was first  published and described as Ophioglossum japonicum in the family Ophioglossaceae by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1784, and reclassified as Lygodium japonicum by Olof Swartz in 1802. (25)

- Etymology: The specific epithet japonicum is the Latin term for "being from Japan".

Botany
• Nitong-pula is similar to Lygodium flexuosum but is more delicate. It is a very slender, twining fern growing from 1 to 3 meters in length, somewhat pubescent or nearly glabrous, the dwarfed branches 2 to 4 millimeters long. Fronds are of 2 kinds (dimorphic). Sterile pinnae are 8 to 15 centimeters long, rarely longer, 2 to 4 millimeters wide. Pinnules (leaflets) are 2 to 5 centimeters on each side, the upper ones simple, sessile, often subconfluent, entire, the intermediate ones somewhat hastate and the lowest one stalked, pinnate or bipinnate (twice pinnate), all oblong to linear, 1.5 to 8 centimeters long, tripinnate, the segments relatively broader and shorter. Spikes (site of the fruiting bodies) are 1 to 6 millimeters long. Spores are verruculose.

• The fern produces a creeping stem from which grow very long leaves, the longest exceeding 30 meters (98 feet). Leaves have rachises, which are vine-like and may climb other vegetation. What appear to be individual leaves sprouting from the twining rachis are actually leaflets, which are smaller segments from the main leaf. There are two types of leaflets, sterile and fertile. The sterile frond has lance-shaped segments. The fertile frond has more intricately divided, fringed segments, lined with sporangia on the edges. The plant reproduces via spores and spreads vegetatively via underground rhizomes. (25)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Very common throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.

- Also native to Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Caroline Is., China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Japan, Jawa, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, West Himalaya.
- Invasiveness: Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems. (6) In Europe, it was included in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union List) since 2019.

Constituents
- Study isolated a new 1,4-naphthoquinione and three known compounds from the roots. (1)
- Study isolated 8 compounds: tilianin, kaempferol-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, hexadecanoic acid 2, 3-dihydroxy-propyl ester, daucosterol, beta-sitosterol, and 1-hentriacontanol. (7)
- Spores yield caffeic acid and lygodin.
- Study yielded a new phenolic glycoside, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 4-O-(4′-O-methyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, from the roots. (13)
- Study yielded flavonols and phenolic acids identified as 3,4-dihydroxyl benzoic acid 4-O-beta-D-(4'-O-methyl) glucopyranoside (1), protocatechuic acid (2), acacetin 7-O-(6'-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-sophoroside (3), 6,8-di-glucosylapigenin (vinenin) (4), tricin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), 2-anilino-1,4-naphthoquinone (6). (23)
- Study for chemical constituents of roots isolated six compounds: friedelin (1), hydroxyhopane (2), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (3), daucosterol (4), succinic acid (5), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranose-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (6).
(18)
- Ethanol extract of plant yielded polyphenols, terpenoids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and reducing sugar. (see study below) (20)
- GC-MS analysis for essential oil of whole herb yielded 52 volatile compounds representing 81.70% of the total oil. Main constituents were unsaturated hydrocarbon (30.43%), organic acids (14.926%), ketone (12.818%) and nonterpineols (8.296%). Compounds with contents over 3% (V/V) were 3-methyl-1-pentanol 4.097%, 2-(methylacetyl)- 3-carene 4.25%, eyclooctenone 7.616%, (E)-2-hexenoic acid 12.767% and 1-undecyne 28.611%. (22)
- Study for chemical constituents isolated 8 compounds and identified as  tilianin (1), kaempferol-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), kaempferol (3), p-coumaric acid (4), hexadecanoic acid 2, 3-dihydroxy-propyl ester (5), daucosterol (6), beta-sitosterol (7, and 1-hentriacontanol (8). (35)

Properties
- Sweet tasting, refrigerant; antifebrile, diuretic.
- Aids lymphatic circulation.
- Expectorant, cathartic, diuretic, anti-urolithiatic.

- Studies have suggested antioxidant, antibacterial, hair growth-promoting, anti-inflammatory , renal stone inhibiting, cytoprotective, antidiabetic, enzyme inhibitory, invasive, cytochrome P450 3A inhibitory properties.

Parts utilized
· Entire plant.
· Collect material from May to October.
· Rinse, macerate. Dry under the sun.
· Active principles concentrated in the sporangia of the plant.

Uses
Edibility
- Tender frond is edible.
- Young fronds added to dishes like kachuri, chilla (kachru), parantha, pakoras, pasta, poha, omelettes, etc. - Leaves used in stir-fries and soups.
- In Nepal, young leaves used as vegetable. (32)
Folkloric
- Decoction of 25 - 30 g of dried material for urinary tract infections, lithiasis, renal edema. cough-fever, reddish urine, enteritis-dysentery.
- Plant used as expectorant, Decoction of vegetative parts and spores used as diuretic. Spores used as general blood tonic. Also, as anti-gonorrheal agent. (11)
- Used as a blood tonic and for cold symptoms and urinary and kidney problems.

- In China, used as an expectorant. Also used in hematuria and blennorrhagia. Also used for pneumonia and for dissolving urinary stones.
- In India, the tribal people of Nagaland apply the plant past on eczema and ringworm and wounds.
- Crushed leaves used in treatment of fresh cuts and wounds. (20)
- An ingredient of Chinese medicine Jin Bo Xiao Shi San (mirabilite 100g, Hai Jin Sha [Lygodium japonicum] 100g, Hu Po (Amber) 40 g, and Peng Sha (sodium borate) 20 g—used to treat urolithic stranguria; also used to treat mumps, ascariasis, pruritus. (17)
- In Chinese traditional medicine, spores used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases. (19) Crushed leaves used to treat hepatitis and dysentery. (20) For centuries, used for treatment of gorge gall, eczema, enteritis, nephritis, dropsy, urinary tract infection and stones. (24)
- North American Indians use hair washes derived from L. japonicum and Yucca for treatment of hair loss and thinning. (21)
- In Nepal, paste of spore used on cuts, wounds, boils, and cracked heels. Paste of plant applied to treat pains. (32)
- In India, used for as expectorant and for treatment of of snakebites, diabetes, wounds, ulcers. In Nepal, used for treatment of scabies; juice used for treatment of herpes and wounds and applied to boils, wounds, whitlow, and scabies. In Pakistan, powder applied on wounds to facilitate healing; root extract used to reduce body aches and swelling. (34)
- Miao people in Hainan use juice from pounding of plant for eye problems. (37)
Others
- Basketry: Splints from stems used in basketry, making hats and boxes. Splints sometimes mixed with buri for making fancy articles. (11)
- Ritual: Used for religious purpose by Magar and Majhi especially in "Sauane sakranti", and in decoration of gates during weddings and other celebrations, in decoration of Rato Machindra nath chariot of Patan. (32)

Studies
Phytochemical Study: Phytochemical study isolated 3,4-dihydroxyl benzoic acid 4-O-beta-D-(4'-O-methyl)glycopyranoside, protocatechuic acid, acacetin 7-O-((6'-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-sophoroside, venenin, tricin-7-O-beta-D-glycopyranoside, 2-anilino-1,4-naphthoquinone. (3)
Ecdysteroside: Phytochemical study of the roots yielded a new ecdysteroside, lygodiumsteroside A, as well as a known ecdysteroside. (4)
Hair Growth Promotion / Spores: Aqueous ethanol extract of spore of Lygodium japonicum showed in vitro testosterone 5a-reductase inhibitory activity and in vivo anti-androgenic activity with hair regrowth after shaving in testosterone-treated mice. Study yielded lipophilic constituents, oleic acid, linoleic and palmitic acids, identified as the main active principles inhibiting 5-alpha reductase. (5)
Antioxidant / Antibacterial / Purification Polysaccharides: Extracted purification polysaccharides showed strong antioxidant activity in various assays and also showed to be a potential source of natural broad-spectrum anti-microorganism. (8)
Scavenging Activities: Study compared the scavenging activities of total flavone from L. japonicum with different solvents to free radical activity. A 95% ethanol extract had the best scavenging effects. (9)
Inhibitory Effect on Renal Calculi: Study investigated an ethanol extract of Lygodii spora as preventive and therapeutic agent for experimentally induced calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Results showed significant decrease in levels of urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, and increased levels of urinary citrate. (12)
Enhancement of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities: Pressure-assisted water extraction (PAWE) increased the phenol amount of L. japonicum to 12.8 mg GAE/g compared to conventional extraction (9.3 mg GAE/g) (p<0.05). The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC99) of L. japonicum extracted by PAWE were 2.59, 3.33, and 7.37 mg/mL, respectively, against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Propionibacterium acnes. Results suggest PAWE can be an appropriate extraction method for enhancing biological and pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants. (15)
New Phenylpropanoid Glucoside / Antioxidant / Aerial Parts: Study of aerial parts isolated a new compound, 4-O-caffeoyl-D-glucopyranose (1), and a new natural product, 3-O-caffeoyl-D-glucopyranose (2), together with six known compounds (3-8). In vitro evaluation of compounds 1-8 showed strong antioxidative properties. (16)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Spores: Study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of L. japonicum spores by measuring inflammatory mediators and exploring molecular mechanisms. Results showed the extracts may suppress LPS-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages in vitro, through negative regulation of p38 MAPK and nuclear factor [NF]-kB. Study suggests potential in therapeutic strategies for alleviating inflammation. (19)
• Antibacterial / Antioxidant: Study evaluated three indigenous medicinal plants in Nepal for antioxidant and antibacterial activities i.e., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis, and Lygodium japonicum. All extracts showed antibacterial properties against four gram negative bacteria ( E. coli, K. pneumonia, S. typhi, P. mirabilis) and two gram positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis). On antioxidant evaluation using DPPH scavenging activity, L. japonicum showed the highest activity (IC50 of 80 ± 1.3 µg/ml) compared to ascorbic acid (IC50=54 ± 0.5 µg/ml). (see constituents above) (20)
• Renal Stone Inhibiting / Cytoprotective / Polysaccharide: Study evaluated the role of Lygopodium japonicum polysaccharide (LPJ) in inhibiting kidney stone formation. LPJ primarily consists of Glc, Gal-UA, Glc-UA, Gal, Rha, and Ara monosaccharides. LPJis able to absorb onto high-energy (101) crystal surfaces to inhibit calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) growth, reduce crystal size and promote phase conversion from COM to COD (calcium oxalate dihydrate). LPJ inhibits  crystal adhesion and endocytosis. LPJ can be effectively enriched in rat kidneys, significantly inhibiting calcium oxalate (CaOPx) crystal formation in vivo and reducing renal injury. Compared to PC, a conventional stone treatment drug, LPJ demonstrates superior performance in modulating CaOx crystalline formation and cytoprotection. LPJ presents as a potential treatment option for renal stones. (26)

α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, DPP-IV Enzymes Inhibitory / Leaves: Study evaluated the inhibitory effects of Lj leaf extracts on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV in vitro. A chloroform extract (CF) exhibited highest inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase with IC50 of 1092.05 µg/mL. Butanol extract showed highest α-amylase and DPP-IV inhibitory activity with IC50s of 227.35 µg/mL and 141.989 µg/mL, respectively. Results suggest a source of leads for development of antidiabetic medicines. (27)
• Invasiveness and Ecological Threat: Lygodium japonicum has manifested invasive tendencies. The paper discusses the mode of introduction and proliferation and need to prepare and formulate specific and effective guidelines in managing future invasion, the contribution of trading, importation, and transport of wildlife in the introduction and spread of Lj. Review includes existing control methods and approaches to ensure effective and sustainable practices and strategies in regulating invasion. (28)
• Effect in Non-Bacterial Prostatitis: Study evaluated the therapeutic effects and mechanism of action of L. japonicum in a rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and testosterone treatment. Control rats showed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation. Treated rats showed diminished range of tissue damage. There was decreased number of PCNA positive cell and concurrent increase of TUNEL positive cells in the stroma of Lj treated rats. Results suggest LJ may protect the glandular cells and inhibit stromal proliferation with suppression of cyto-proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis. Results suggest potential for treatment of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. (29)
• Effect in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: In BPH, dihydrotestosterone acts as a potent cellular androgen and promotes prostate growth. Inhibiting enzyme 5α-reductase, which is involved in the conversion of testosterone to active form dihydrotestosterone reduces the excessive prostate growth. Study evaluated the effects of Lj on cytopathological alterations and expression of 5α-reductase in a rat model of BPH induced by castration and testosterone. Rats treated with Lj showed diminshed range of luminal cells and duct epithelial cell damage, along with decreased stromal elements and connective tissue proliferation. Results suggest Lj may protect gllandular epithelial cells and has potential for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. (30)
• Inhibitory Effect on Cytochrome P4503A Enzyme / Roots: Study evaluated the interactions of main components of Lygodium root (p-coumaric, acacetin, apigenin, buddleoside, and diosmetin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside) with cytochrome P450 3A enzymatic activity in-vivo and in-vitro. Among the five main components,  acacetin and apigenin showed inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 3A enzyme in vitro. In-vivo, acacetin and apigenin could systemically inhibit midazolam metabolism in rats. Results suggest acacetin and apigenin can inhibit activity of the cytochrome P450 3A enzyme in-vitro and in-vivo, indicating that herbal drug interactions might occur when taking Lygodium root and midazolam synchronously. (31)
• Lygodipenoids / Partial Agonist for Liver X receptor α: Study of whole grass of Lj isolated
Lygodipenoids A and B (1,2). The compounds were tested in transfected cultured human embryonic kidney 2093 HEK293 cells for an agonist assay. Compound 1 was identified as a partial agonist for liver X receptor
α. (33)

Availability
Wild-crafted. 
Spores and supplements in pill or capsule form, extracts and tinctures in the cybermarket.

© Godofredo U. Stuart Jr., M.D. / StuartXchange

Updated September 2025 / August 2018 / September 2016

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Line drawing / Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. - Japanese climbing fern LYJA / USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service / USDA
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Japanese climbing fern - Lygodium japonicum / © bbk-htk / Some rights reserved / CC BY-NC / Click on image or link to go to source page / iNaturalist
IMAGE SOURCE: Lygodium japonicumflexuosa / Copyright © 2023 by Plants and Lichens of the Southern Philippines Survey Expedition 1 (contact: dn277@cornell.edu) [ref. DOL216762] / Non-Commercial Use  / Image modified / Click on image or link to go to source page / Phytoimages.siu.edu
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Lygodium japonicum / © James Tear - FLIP: Florida Invasive Plants / Non-commercial use / Click on image or link to go to source page / Atlas of Florida Plants
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Lygodium japonicum / © Alan Rockefeller / Some rights reserved / CC BY 4.0 International Deed / Click on image or link to go to source page / iNaturalist

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
New naphthoquinone from the root of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. / Lijuan Chen et al / Journal of Natural Medicines / Volume 64, Number 1 / January, 2010 / DOI 10.1007/s11418-009-0376-y
(2)
Flavonoids from Lygodium japonicum / Zhang Lei-Hong et al / Biochemical systematics and ecology • 2006, vol. 34, no12, pp. 885-886 /
(3)
Study on flavonoiels and phenolic acids from the herb of Lygodium japonicum / Zhang LH et al / Zhong Yao Cai. 2008 Feb;31(2):224-6.
(4)
A new ecdysteroside from Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. / Linxia Zhu et al / Journal of Natural Medicines, 2009; 63(2) / DOI 10.1007/s11418-008-0310-8
(5)
Anti-androgenic and Hair Growth Promoting Activities of Lygodii Spora (Spore of Lygodium japonicum) I. Active Constituents Inhibiting Testosterone 5α-Reductase / Hideaki Matsuda et al / Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin • Vol. 25 (2002) , No. 5 62

(6)
Lygodium / Wikipedia
(7)
Studies on the chemical constituents in herb of Lygodium japonicum. / Zhang LH, Yin ZQ, Ye WC, Zhao SX, Wang L, Hu F. / Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Oct;30(19):1522-4.

(8)
Anti-oxidation and anti-microorganism activities of purification polysacchardie from Lygodium japonicum in vitro / Xiao Lan Li, Ai Guo Zhou, Yon Han / Carbohydrate Polymers, 2006; 66(1): pp 34-42 /
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.018
(9)
Study on the Scavenging Activities of Extracts from Lygodium japonicum(Thunb)Sw.with Different Solvents to Free Radicals / BI Yong-guang et al / Journ of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2009-19
(10)
Conservation of folk healing practices and commercial medicinal plants with special reference to Nagaland / Rama Shankar and Ramesh Babu Devalla / International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 4(3), pp. 155-163, March 2012 / DOI: 10.5897/IJBC10.044
(11)
Lygodium japonicum / Useful Tropical Plants
(12)
The inhibitory effect of an ethanol extract of the spores of Lygodium japonicum on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats / Hyuk Jin Cho, Woong Jin Bae, Su Jin Kim, Sung Hoo Hong, Ji Youl Lee, Tae-Kon Hwang, Yeong Jin Choi, Sung Yeoun Hwang, Sae Woong Kim / Urolithiasis, August 2014, Volume 42, Issue 4, pp 309-315
(13)
A new phenolic glycoside from the roots of Lygodium japonicum / Wencai Yea, Chunlin Fan, Leihong Zhang, Zhiqi Yin, Shouxun Zhao / Fitoterapia, Volume 78, Issues 7–8, December 2007, Pages 600–601 / DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.04.003
(14)
Lygodium japonicum / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(15)
Enhancement of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Dianthus superbus, Polygonum aviculare, Sophora flavescens, and Lygodium japonicum by pressure-assisted water extraction / Jingyu Gou, Yunyun Zou, Juhee Ahn / Food Science and Biotechnology, February 2011, Volume 20, Issue 1, pp 283–287
(16)
A new phenylpropanoid glucoside from the aerial parts of Lygodium japonicum / Ying-Hui Duan, Yi Dai, Rong-Rong He, Hiroshi Kurihara, Yao-Lan Li & Xin-Sheng Yao / Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 2012; 14(3)
(17)
Glauber's Salt (Mang Xiao) / Chinese Healing Herbs
(18)
Chemical constituents from the root of Lygodium japonicum(Thunb.) Sw. / ZHU Lin-xia,ZHANG Guo-gang,WANG Sheng-chao,ZUO Tian-tian / Chinese Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2008-04
(19)
Anti‑inflammatory effects on murine macrophages of ethanol extracts of Lygodium japonicum spores via inhibition of NF‑κB and p38 / Young‑Chang Cho, Ba Reum Kim, Hien Thi Thu Le, Sayeon Cho / Molecular Medicine Reports, 2017; Vol 14, Issue 4: pp 4362-4370 / DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7070
(20)
Assessment of phytochemical content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of three medicinal plants of Nepal / Bimala Subba, Anjana Sharma, Anupa Budhathoki / Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Dec 2016; 10(45): pp 829-837 / https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2016.6269
(21)
Patient Guide to Hair Loss & Hair Restoration / D. J. Verret / GoogleBooks
(22)
Analysis of volatile oil from Lygodium japonicum by GC-MS / SF Ni, YJ Pan, P Wu, YSG Chan, CX Fu, H Xu / Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2004; 39(2): pp 99-100
(23)
Study on flavonoiels and phenolic acids from the herb of Lygodium japonicum / Zhang LH, Fan CL, Ye WC, Li YP / Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 1 Feb 2008; 31(2): pp 224-226 / (PMID:18619266)
(24)
A review of the use of pteridophytes for treating human ailments / Xavier-rai Baskaran, Antony-varuvel Geo Vigila, Shou-zhon Zhang, Shi-xiu Feng, Wen-bo Liao / J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol), 2018; 19(2): pp 85-119
(25)
Lygodium japonicum / Wikipedia
(26)
Structural characterization of polysaccharides from Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. and its inhibition ability in calcium oxalate renal stone / Chun-Yao Li, Quan Zhang, Xin-Yu Shi, Ling-Hong Huang, Xin-Yuan Sun et al / Phytomedicine, 2025; Volume 142: 156734
(27)
In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Lygodium Japonicum Leaves on A-Amylase, A-Glucosidase, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV / Nguyen H My, Nguyen LK Loan, Do H Tan, Le GH Long, Bui T Phong et al / Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2025; 9(1) / ISSN: 2616-0684   / DOI: 10.26538/tjnpr/v9i1.31
(28)
Japanese Climbing Fern, Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. : A Potential Invasive and Ecological Threat
  / Aurfeli D Nietes, Inocencio E Buot Jr / The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal, 2022; 16(1)
(29)
The Effects of Lygodium japonicum Treatment on Hematological and Cyto-pathological Alterations in Non-Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model / Byung-Cheol Lee, Sang-Woo Kim, Young-Min Ahn, Ho-Kyung Doo, Se-Young Ahn / The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine, 2006; 27(3): pp 664-676
(30)
The Effects of Lygodium japonicum on Experimental Rat Model of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia / Doo-Hyum Lee, Jang-Sik Lee, Young-Seung Kim / Korean J. Oriental Med., 2010; 31(3): pp 457-466
(31)
Inhibitory Effect of Lygodium Root on the Cytochrome P450 3A Enzyme in vitro and in vivo  / Yunfang Zhou, Ailian Hua, Quan Zhou, Peiwu Geng, Feifei Chen, Lianhe Yan et al / Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2020; Vol 14
(32)
Edible and Medicinal Pteridophytes of Nepal: A Review / Rijan Ojha, Hari Prasad Devkota / Ethnobotany Research & Applications, 2021; 22(16) / DOI: 10.32859/era.22.16.1-16
(33)
Unusual 9,19 : 24,32-Dicyclotetracyclic Triterpenoids from Lygodium japonicum / Qing-Hua Han, Xin Liu, Sheng Yin et al / Planta Med, 2012; 78(18): pp 1971-1975 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1327875
(34)
Lygodium japonicum / EPPO Datasheet
(35)
Studies on the chemical constituents in herb of Lygodium japonicum / Lei-Hong Zhang, Zhi-Qi Yin, Wen-Cai Ye, Fang Hu et al / China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2025; 30(19): pp 1522-1524
(36)
Lygodium japonicum / Himalayan Wild Food Plants
(37)
Inventory of medicinal plants traditionally used by Miao people in Hainan / Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants
                                          New plant names needed
The compilation now numbers over 1,730 medicinal plants. While I believe there are hundreds more that can be added to the collection, they are becoming more difficult to find. If you have a plant to suggest for inclusion, native or introduced, please email the info: scientific name (most helpful), local plant name (if known), any known folkloric medicinal use, and, if possible, a photo. Your help will be greatly appreciated.

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