Gen info
- Suregada is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae, first described as a genus in 1803.

Botany
• Growth form: A bushy tree that can grow up to 21 m tall, sometimes seen growing as a shrub. Foliage: Leaves are fleshy, leathery, elliptic or narrowly wedged to spoon shaped with its base extending down a short petiole measuring up to 18 cm long and 6 cm wide. Flowers: Flowers are dioecious where the female and male flowers are borne separately on the same tree. The male flowers are closely clustered, each with numerous stamens, greenish-yellow colored on short stalks. The female flowers are small, white, narrow, with 5 - 6 sepals. Fruit: Fruit is a round, orange-red, 3-lobed capsule, that splits upon maturity to reveal its black seeds. (Flora & Fauna Web)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Found throughout the Philippines.
- Also native to   Borneo, Cambodia, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, New Guine. (a, Northern Territory, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam. (1)

Constituents
- Study of water extract of leaves isolated three new water-soluble alkaloids (1-3) along with 12 known compounds, namely alanine (4), glutamic acid (5), leucine (6), isoleucine (7), proline (8), γ-aminobutyric acid (9), (R)-carnitine (10), lycine (11), uracil   (12), uridine (13), guanosine (14), and 3H-imidazo [4,5-c]pyridine (15). (see study below) (4)
- Study of leaves yielded amino acids namely: alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, isoleucine, proline, γ-aminobutyric acid, (R)-carnitine, lysine. (4)
- Study isolated nine compounds, Jolkinolide B (1), 8alpha, 14-dihydro-7-oxo-jolkinolide E (2), helioscopinolide B (3), ent-kauran-16beta, 17-diol (4), 7-oxo-beta-sitosterol (5), scopoletin (6), adenosine (7), 1'-sinapoylglucose (8), sucrose (9). (6)
- Study of roots isolated two new diterpenoids, 3,4,18 ß-cyclopropa-ent-abieta-8(14),13(15)-dien-16,12-olide (1) and 3-oxojolkinolide B (2). (see stsudy below) (8)

Properties
- Studies have suggested α-glucosidase inhibitory,  blood glucose lowering, cytotoxicity properties,

Parts used
Roots, leaves.

Uses
Edibility
- No reports on edibility.
Folkloric
- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
- The Belitung people of Indonesia use root decoction as Jamu (herbal medicine treatment after childbirth). (9) Used to increase appetite. (11)
- In Peninsular Malaysia, decoction of roots used against fever. (10)
Others
- Wood: Used for construction of rafters. Also as fuelwood.

Studies
• Alkaloids: Study of water extract of leaves isolated three new water-soluble alkaloids (1-3) along with 12 known compounds. Compounds 1-3 showed no significant activities when evaluated for invitro inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and HIV-1 replications. (see constituents above) (4)
• α-Glucosidase Inhibitory / Leaves: Study of water extract of leaves was found to inhibit rat small intestinal α-glucosidase. Extract yielded 20 iminosugars including one pyrrolidine and 19 piperidines. The compounds were tested for rat small intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In total, 15 compounds including compounds 11., 12, 15, and 19 and three derivatives 8a, 9b, and 13a showed inhibitory activity with IC50s less than 40 µM. In vivo, total alkaloids (10 mg/kg) and four major iminosugars 1, 2, 3, and 9 (10mg/kg) can lower postprandial blood glucose level after sucrose and starch load in healthy male ICR mice. (5) Study of water extract of leaves identified 11 compounds. Compound 1, α-homonojirimycin, was an active α-glucosidase inhibitor. (see constituents above) (7)
• Cytotoxicity / Diterpenoids / Roots: Study of roots isolated two new diterpenoids, 3,4,18 ß-cyclopropa-ent-abieta-8(14),13(15)-dien-16,12-olide (1) and 3-oxojolkinolide B (2). Compound 2 showed moderate cytotoxicity. (8)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Suregada glomerulata / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(2)
Suregada glomerulata (Suregarda) /  Territory Native Plants
(3)
Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Suregada Genus: A Review / Mandisa Mangisa, Douglas Kemboi, Gerda Fouche, Vuuyelwa Jacqueline Tembu et al / Pharmmaceuticals, 2023; 16(10): 1390 / DOI: 10.3390/ph16101390
(4)
Three new water-soluble alkaloids from the leaves of Suregada glomerulata (Blume) Baill / Ren-Yi Yun, Hong-qing Wang, Chao Liu et al / Fitoterapia, 2011; 82)2): pp 247-250 / DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.10.004
(5)
α-Glucosidase-inhibitory iminosugars from the leaves of Suregada glomerulata / Ren-Yi Yan, Hong-Qing Wang, Chao Liu, Jie Kang Ruo-Yun Chen et al / Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2013; 21(21): pp 6796-6803 / DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.048
(6)
Studies on chemical constituents of Suregada glomerulata / Ren-Yi Yan, Ruo-Yun Chen / Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 2007; 32(16): pp 1653-1655
(7)
Study on Bioactive Constituents from Suregada glomerulate. / Wang Hoeng-Qing, Yan Ren-Yi, Liu Chao, Chen Ruo-Yun / Natural Product Research & Development, 2009; 21(3) / ISSN: 1001-6880
(8) /
Two new diterpenoids from Suregada glomerulata (Blume) Baill / Ren Yi Yan, Ruo-Yun Chen, De Yu / Chinese Chemical Letters, 2011; 22(5): pp 580-582 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2010.12.015
(9)
The potential of medicinal plants from heath forest: Local knowledge from Kelubi Village, Belitung Island, Indonesia / Dina Oktavia, Santi Dwi Pratiwi et al / BIODIVERSITAS, 2022; 23(7): pp 3553-3560 /
pISSN: 1412-033X / eISSN: 2085-4722 / DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230731
(10)
Suregada glomerulata / Wongsatit Chuakul et al / PROSEA
(11)
Medicinal Plants for Traditional Treatment Used by the Malays in South Bangka Regency, Indonesia / Henri, Dayu Puspita Sari, Luchman Hakim / Biosaintifika, 2022; 14(1): pp 125-134 / pISSN: 2085-191X / eISSN: 2338-7610 / DOI: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v14i1.34455

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