 Gen info
- Amarantaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within the parent order, Caryophyllales. (26)
Cyathula prostata
is a perennial, prostrate, herbaceous plant distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical world. (27)
Botany
Dayang is an annual, branched herb, reaching a length of 1 meter or more, with the stems prostrate and creeping below. Leaves are rhomboid-oblong, 2 to 8 centimeters long, and gradually tapering to an acute base. Spikes are terminal and axillary, slender, peduncles, and 5 to 20 centimeters long. Flowers are numerous, greenish, ovoid, and about 3 millimeters long. Sepals are hairy. Fruit is an ellipsoid utricle, 1.5 to 2 millimeters long, thin-walled, hairless, one-seeded, surrounded by a stiff perianth. Seed is ovoid, 1.5 to 1.5 millimeters long, shiny brown.
 Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
-
In waste places, thickets, etc., at low and medium altitudes, throughout the Philippines.
- Also native to native to Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Borneo, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Honduras, India, Ivory Coast, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Maluku, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Panamá, Peru, Queensland, Samoa, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Uganda, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe. (13)
 Constituents
- Phytochemical screening yielded saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and steroids.
-
Ethyl acetate fraction yielded two oils: ethyl hexadecanoate (1) (alkyl ester) and 7, 9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro n(4, 5) deca-6, 9-diene-2, 8-dione (2) (diketone). (see study below) (6)
- Screening of crude ethanolic extract yielded saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, flavonoids.
- GC-MS analysis of C. prostata yielded 13 secondary metabolites from essential
oils, terpenes palmitic acid ester, diterpene and terpenes. (see study below) (22)
- GC-MS analysis yielded 24 compounds, among which are Benzene (1-methyl decyl) (1), Tetracosanoic acid (8), Dibenzo[b,f][1,4] diazocine (11), Docosanoic acid methyl ester (14), Formic acid -3, 7, 11- tri methyl-1, 6, 10-dodecatriene-3-yl ester (15), Cis-vaccinic acid (17), 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (22), 9-octadecanoic acid (z) methyl ester (21) and Heptacocosanoic acid, methyl ester (19). (23)
- Study of aqueous extract of leaves yielded saponins, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, steroid and glycosides, with an absence of carbohydrate. (24)
- GC-MS analysis of whole plant revealed a total of 24 compounds, such as Benzene (1-methyl decyl). Tetracosanoic acid methyl ester, Dibenzo[b,f][1,4] diazone, Docosanoic acid methyl ester, formic acid -3, 7, 11- tri methyl -1, 6, 10-dodecatriene-3-yl ester, cis-vaccinic acid, 1-phenol-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline. 9-octadecanoic acid (2) methyl ester and Heptacocosanoic acid methyl ester.
(32)
Properties
- Studies have suggested antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, analgesic, analgesic, cardioprotective, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antiobesity, mosquitocidal, estrous regulatory, anti-implantation, larvicidal, antifungal properties.
Parts used
Whole plant, leaves, flowers, roots.
 Uses
Edibility
- In Gabon and Zaire, the leaves are eaten as vegetable. (4)
Folkloric
- Used for pruritus,dyspepsia, scabies, skin ulcers, diarrhea, cough, rheumatism, shingles.
- Used by the Malays externally and internally.
- Decoction used for coughs.
- Decoction of roots used for dysentery.
- Kroo people used the ashes of the burnt plants, mixed with water to smear on the body for craw-craw, scabies, and other skin diseases. (4)
- In Cameroon, plant used in prescriptions for articular rheumatism and dysentery. (4) In Western Cameroon, used to treat female infertility.
- In Cameroon, aqueous macerations of leaves of C. prostrata and Eremomastax speciosa, combined or separately used for treatment of altered menstrual cycles. (34)
- In Nigeria plant used for by traditional healers to treat cancer, pain and inflammatory disorders.
- In Gabon, used for treating eye troubles, wounds, and urethral discharges.
- In the Ivory Coast, sap is applied to sores and chancres and used for ear drops for otitis. Leafy twigs, flowers, and seeds are pulped into a paste and applied to sores, burns, and fractures. (4) Leaves and whole herb used for rheumatic fever, dysentery, stomach pains. (25)
- In the Guyanas, decoction of whole plant used as wash for headaches; crushed and boiled plant tied over fractures; boiled plants used as antipyretic or herbal bath. Guyana Patamona use macerated leaves for soap; juice of macerated leaves used as antiseptic and applied to cuts and bruises or applied on wounds to stop bleeding. (20)
- In Assam, India, infusion or fresh juice of leaf or whole plant taken orally for treatment of jaundice. (38)
Studies
• Glycinebetaine: A study of aerial parts of 23 species from 10 genera of Amaranthaceae was done to examine the presence of betaines. Glycinebetaine was the dominant betaine and the highest yield of the compound was from Cyathula geniculata, 2.11% of dry weight. (1)
• Cytotoxicity / HeLa Cell Line: In a study on the cytotoxic effect of plant extracts on HeLa (cervix adenocarcinoma) cell line, Cyathula prostrata was one of five plants that showed over 50% activity at 500 ug/ml. (2)
• Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory: In in vivo anti-inflammatory assays using carrageenan, arachidonic acid and xylene-induced tests and analgesic evaluation using acetic acid and hot plate analgesic tests, a methanolic extract showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. (3)
• Antimicrobial / Leaves, Stem Bark and Roots: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaf stem, bark and root were investigated against human clinical bacterial and Candida albicans isolates. The greatest activity was seen with the ethanolic fractions. Of the bacteria, the most sensitive isolate was E. coli (95.9%), the least sensitive K pneumonia (40.0%). Candida albicans had a sensitivity of 57.5%. Results suggest a potential source of a novel broad spectrum drug. (5)
• Oils / Antibacterial and Antifungal: An ethyl acetate fraction yielded two oils, established to be ethyl hexadecanoate 1 (alkyl ester) and 7, 9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro n (4, 5) deca-6, 9-diene-2, 8-dione 2 (diketone). Both exhibited between marginal and moderate antibacterial and antifungal activities. (6)
• Cardioprotective in Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of whole plant on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rat. Results indicated antioxidant, antilipid peroxidative and anti-ischemic activity in albino rats. Benefits were attributed the CPE phenolic content. (7)
• Anti-Cancer / Apoptosis Induction: Study evaluated C. prostrata for cytotoxic benefits on HeLa (cervical cancer cell line) and U937 (myelo-monocytic cell line). Results showed the extract induces apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway, an induction independent of the mitochondria. (8)
• Anti-Ulcer / Apoptosis Induction: Study evaluated the mucoprotective action of C. prostrata on experimental and drug-induced ulcer model in rats. The hydroalcoholic extract exhibited significant dose-dependent anti-ulcer activity on the cysteamine-induced ulcer model, possibly through action of the phytoconstituents, reduction of gastric emptying time, and inhibition of hypersecretion of gastric acid. (10)
• Hepatoprotective / Paracetamol Induced Toxicity: Study showed very significant hepatoprotective effect of an ethanolic extract on paracetamol-induced acute liver damage in Wistar albino rats. (11)
• Antidiabetic: Study evaluated the antidiabetic effect of an extract of C. prostrata in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results showed reversal of the condition by oral administration of the methanol extract. (12)
• Anticancer / Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites: Study evaluated the antitumor and antioxidant of Cyathula prostrata in mice model with Dalton's lymphoma ascites cells induced tumor. Results showed increased survival of animals, decreased body weight, alteration of hematological markers, and restoration of antioxidant enzymes. (14)
• Anti-Inflammatory: Study evaluated a crude extract, fractions, and two previously isolated compounds for anti-inflammatory activities using xylene and chorio-allantoic membrane models. Results showed anti-inflammatory activity comparing favorably with previous studies. Phytochemical screening yielded flavonoids and terpenes, compounds which have shown anti-inflammatory activities in previous studies. (15)
• Antioxidant: Study of crude extract, fractions, and isolated showed radical scavenging activity with ß-carotene and DPPH reagents. The mechanism of antioxidant activity could be the same as that of the antiscorbutic activity of vitamin C. (16)
• Anticancer / Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma: Study evaluated the anticancer activity of methanolic extract in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice with methotrexate as control in advanced stage of tumorigenesis. Results showed significant anticancer activity comparable to that of methotrexate, with reversal of tumor-induced alterations in DNA fragmentation. (17)
• In Vitro Inhibition of Cancer Cell Growth: Study evaluated the in vitro anticancer activity of an 80% ethanol extract of C. prostrata. Results showed anticancer activity acting through multiple targets, via induction of cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase through an unknown mechanism; apoptosis through an extrinsic death receptor pathway and replicative senescence through inhibition of telomerase. (18)
• Mosquitocidal / Anopheles gambiae: Study evaluated the larvicidal potential of crude extracts of ten Nigerian plants against fourth instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae mosquito. At 10%w/v (12 and 24 h) showed larvicidal activity. (19)
• Cytotoxicity / Cervical Cancer Cell Line / Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis: Cyathula prostrata has shown cytotoxicity against cervical cancer cell line, HeLa. Study of ethanol extract of C. prostrata investigated the mode of cell death--the progression of cells through the cell cycle, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential. Results suggest a cytotoxic mechanism involving the activation of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in HeLa and U937 cells with ethanol extract of C prostrata. (21)
• Antihypertensive: Study evaluated the effect of C. prostrata in a rat model with hypertension induced by adrenaline. Results showed a marked decrease in measured blood pressure parameters. GC-MS analysis yielded 13 secondary metabolites. (see constituents above) (22)
• Antidiarrheal / Leaves: Study evaluated the effect of aqueous leaf extract of C. prostrata on castor-oil induced diarrhea in Wistar rats. Loperamide was used as positive control. Extract doses of 97.65, 195.3 and 390.6 mg/kg were used. The extract doses significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the onset of diarrhea, decreased the frequency of defecation and weight of the feces. (28)
• Protective Effect Against Olanzapine-Induced Obesity in Rats / Leaves: Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, often induces excessive weight gain resulting in obesity. In Nigerial, a leaf broth is consumed for weight loss. Study evaluated the protective effect of CPLE administered 50-200 mg/kbw to rats given olanzapine 8 mg/kbw one hour after CPLE. Orlistat was used as reference. Results showed CPLE protected against weight gain, obesity, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and alteration in heart and liver function parameters induced by olanzapine co-administration in rats. (29)
• Effect on Semen Quality of Bucks: Study evaluated the effect of C. prostrata on semen quality of New Zealand white bucks fed experimental diets containing graded levels of C. prostrata incorporated into rabbit pellets at 10, 20, 30 g per kg feed. Results showed not difference in semen volume and pH compared to control. Sperm motility slightly decrease (p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Sperm morphology also decreased in a dose-related manner. Results suggest reduced sperm motility and morphology may be associated with spermatogenesis-related problems. (30)
• Effect on Puberty Onset and Some Female Reproductive Parameters in Rats / Stems and Leaves: Study evaluated the hormone-like effects of aqueous extracts of C. prostrata leaves and stems (AECp) on onset of puberty and various reproductive parameters in immature female Wistar rats. AECp increased growth rate and reduced vaginal opening, and increased secondary and tertiary follicles. AECp significantly reduced uterine and ovarian protein levels by 21.3% and 27.8% at 64 mg/kg dose. AECp also lowered ovarian cholesterol and serum FSH levels (p<0.001), and significantly increase serum progesterone, estradiol, and LH levels. Results demonstrate AECp's positive effects on onset of puberty and ovarian folliculogenesis in immature female rats. (31)
• Toxicity Assessment / Leaves: Study evaluated the effect of methanol extract of dried powdered leaves on biochemical indices of Swiss albino mice using doses of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/kbw. Changes in biochemical parameters were statistically insignificant. Conspicuous toxic symptoms were noted only after 150 mg/kg. Observations were supported by histopathological examination of liver and spleen sections. Results suggest the methanolic extract of Cp leaves is not toxic and safe to use in clinical trials. (33)
• Regulatory Effect on Estrous Cycle / Anti-Implantation: Study evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of a mixture of Cyathula prostrata and Eremomastax speciosa leaves (ESCP) on an overcrowding-induced anestrous cycle, implantation and litter size in female albino rats. Results showed the mixtures possesses a regulatory effect on the estrous cycle of anestrous rats provoked by overcrowding. The mixture may have anti-implantation properties at higher doses. (34)
• Effect on C-Reactive Protein: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute reactant synthesized primarily in the liver hepatocytes. CRP showed strongest association with cardiovascular events. It is detectable on surface of about 4% of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Study evaluated the effect of graded doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) of crude extracts of Cp leaves on albino Wistar rats after 7 days. Results suggested consumption of Cp leaves was safe thought it generated oxidative stress, which was attributed to the inherent route of metabolism of xenobiotics which generates free radicals. (35)
• Larvicidal / Antimicrobial: Study evaluated the larvicidal and antimicrobial potential of crude extract of C. prostrata. At 10% w/v of aqueous extract of air-dried plant parts showed larvicidal activity against fourth instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae. The crude extract also inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and elicited good antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. (36)
• Gastroprotective in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulceration: Study evaluated the gastroprotective effect of methanol and water crude extracts of C. prostrata against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats. Rats were pretreated with omeprazole. The extracts showed marked reduction in mean ulcer index parameters studied in a dose dependent manner with a significant increase in percentage preventive index. Results indicated significant anti-ulcer effect in rats, which supports the traditional use of water extract of whole plants for antiulcer effect. (37)
Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Plants in the cybermarket. (Plants) (Balm)
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