HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT

Family Marantaceae
Araro
Uraro
Maranta arundinacea Linn.
ARROWROOT
Zhu yu

Scientific names Common names 
Maranta arundinacea Linn. Araro (Tag.) 
Maranta indica Tussac. Araru (Ibn., It,, Tag.)
Maranta ramosissima Wall.  Aroru (Tag.)
Maranta sylvatica Rosc. Aruru (Tag.) 
Maranta sylvatica Roscoe ex Sm. Bai (Iv.)
Maranta variegatum N. E. Brown  [Illegitimate] Galamaka (Bon.)
  Sagu (Bik., Ilk.)
  Uraro (Tag.)
  Arrowroot (Engl.)
  Maranta (Engl.)
  Obedience plant (Engl.)
Maranta arundinacea L. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
CHINESE: Zhu yu.
DANISH: Salepmaranta.
DUTCH: Pijlwortel, Salepwortel.
FRENCH: Arrowroot des Antilles, Dictame (Antilles), Herbe aux flèches, Maranta arundinacée.
GERMAN: Pfeilwurz.
HINDI: Tikhor, Tikkor.
JAPANESE: Kuzuukon, Maranta.
MALAY: Garut, Ubi bemban, Ubi garut, Yaitu garut (Indonesia).
PORTUGUESE: Agutiguepa, Araruta-comum, Araruta-especial, Araruta- palmeira, Aru-aru.
RUSSIAN: Maranta trostnikovaia, Maranty trostnikovoi.
SANSKRIT: Tavaksiri, Tugaksiri.
SPANISH: Ararú, Araruta, Caña flecha, Chuchute tamalera, Guape, Guate, Jamachipeke, Jamaichepeque, Juájuá, Juá-juá, Maranta, Rizoma de maranta, Sagú, Sagú de San Vicente, Saguero, Silú, Sucu, Sulú, Shimipampana, Tacea, Tamalera, Tubérculo de maranta, Yerén, Yuquilla.
TAMIL: Aruruttukkilangu, Kukai niru.
VIETNAMESE: Dong củ.

Gen info
• Marantaceae, the arrowroot family of flowering plants, consists of 31 genera and around 530 species, one of the most species-rich families in the order. The majority of species (80%) are found in the America tropics,, followed by Asian (11%), and African tropics (9%).(35)
• Marantaceae are commonly called "prayer plants", since the leaves raise in the evening and appear as though they are praying. (36)
• Although "Arrowroot" refers to any plant of the genus Maranta, its popular use is to describe the digestible starch from the rhizomes of the Maranta arundinacea. There is evidence to show arrowroot cultivation 7,000 years ago.
• "Maranta" may be an attribution to Bartolomeo Maranta, the 16th century botanist for whom Marantaceae was named.
• The word may also derive from (1) a corruption of the Aru-root of the Aruac Indians of South America, (2) Aru-aru. referring to the native Caribbean Arawak people's "meal of meals" for which the plant is a dietary staple, and (3) Arrowroot's use for treating poison arrow wounds.
• Year-old roots are used; and when good, contain 23% starch. After washing and clearing of paper-like scales, It is beat to a pulp through a wheel rasp. The milky fluid is passed through a coarse cloth or sieve; the resultant pure low-protein mucilaginous starch settles as an insoluble powder that is sun-dried or processed dried power to become the arrow-root of packaged or canned commerce.
(1) (2)

Botany
Araru is an erect, smooth, dichotomously branched herbaceous perennial plant 1 - 2 meters high, growing from fleshy, fusiform rootstock. Stems are slender. Leaf blades are lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, 10 to 20 centimeters long, thin petioled, green and rounded at the base. Inflorescence is terminal, lax, divaricate, and few-flowered. Flowers are white, about 2 centimeters long.

Distribution
- Introduced.
- Widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation for its starch-storing rhizomes.
- Native of tropical America.
- Now pantropic.
- It has escaped cultivation and can be found naturalized in a wide variety of substrates and habitats, from open areas with full sunlight to deep-shaded sites.

Constituents
- The tuber consists of 27% starch, 63% water, 1.56% albumin, 4.10% sugar, gum, etc., 0.26% fiber and 1.23% ash.

- Plant yields starch (27.17%), fiber, fat, albumen, sugar, gum, ash, and water (62.96%).
- Rhizome skin yields a bitter and resinous substance, removed in peeling in the preparation of arrowroot starch.
- Phytochemical screening of various extracts of rhizomes yielded flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, and proteins. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of phytoconstituent rich ethanolic extract of rhizome yielded 49 compounds. (12)
- Nutrition analysis per cup of sliced arrowroot (about 120 gm) yields: 78 calories, 0.2 g fat (0.1 g polyunsaturated fat), 31 mg sodium, 16 gm carbohydrate, 5 g protein, 545 mg potassium, 2.7 mg iron, 0.3 mg vitamin B6, 0.2 mg thiamin, 2 g niacin, 30 mg magnesium, 0.1 mg riboflavin (B2), 2.3 mg vitamin C. (22)

Properties
- The starch is white, odorless, tasteless.

- Starch is considered nutrient, demulcent and emollient.

- Considered stomachic, anti-inflammatory, demulcent, sedative and digestive.
- Studies have suggested antioxidant, enterokinase inhibitory, antidiarrheal, mmunomodulatory, antioxidant , antibacterial, antifungal, vibtiocidal nutrient, probiotic properties.

Parts utilized
Roots, rhizomes.

Uses
Edibility / Culinary / Nutrition
- An important medicinal spice, known for the quality of its starch, which is associated with diets in Asia and the Americas, where specific gel and starch paste rheologies are required. (29)
- Rhizomes are edible, produce the arrowroot starch.
- Highly digestible.
- Used as thickener in making puddings, baked goods, and sauces.
- Boiled and roasted or ground and made into pastries.
- In remote barrios, starch also used for starching clothes.
- Valuable as an easily digested and nutritive and nourishing diet for the convalescing.
- Well suited for infants in the weaning from breast milk.
- A chief ingredient in infant cookies.
- Preparation: Decoction from 2-3 tablespoonfuls of root powder in one liter of water, seasoned with honey, lemon or any variety of fruit juices to taste.
Folkloric
- In the West Indies, roots used for poulticing poisoned and other wounds.
- Mashed roots as plaster applied to areas of insect stings and spider bites.
- Applied to the skin to soothe painful, irritated and inflamed mucous membranes.
- Roots also poulticed for poisoned arrow wounds.
- Starch used as soothing application for various skin problems: erysipelas, sunburn, wasp stings, dermatitis, and gangrene. In the Caribbean, pounded leaves used as teething aid. In Trinidad, used as anti-inflammatory skin poultice. (Duke 1985; Honychurch 1991) (16)
- The fresh juice is used as antidote for vegetable poisons.
- Used to soothe the stomach and as a remedy for diarrhea, probably from its high starch content.
- Jah Hut peoples in Malaysia drink a root decoction for burning stomach complaints after delivery. (26)
- Rhizome considered aphrodisiac. (27)
Others
- In remote Philippine barrios, starch also used for starching clothes.
- Ancient Mayans and other Central American tribes used it as antidote for poison-tipped arrows.

- An ingredient in many natural deodorants. Starch used as base for face powders and preparation of special glues. Used as suspending agent in the preparation of barium meals. The starch preferred in tablet making because of its fast disintegration. (25)
-
New uses
- Study suggests beneficial effect in the treatment of diarrhea associated with irritable bowel disease (IBS).

Studies
Enterokinase Inhibition: A study of 22 tubers and 9 pulses screened for inhibitors of enterokinase activity showed Maranta arundinacea as one of 12 tubers with inhibitory activity. M arundinacea also exhibited endogenous esterase activity towards benzoyl arginine ethyl ester. Any factor in food capable of suppressing enterokinase activity would lead to digestive disturbance comparable to enterokinase deficiency. (3)
Anti-Diarrheal: Study on the effect of boiled and cooled supernatant of arrowroot and water on children during acute diarrhea showed a decrease in cholera toxin-induced net water secretion or reversal to net absorption.(7)
Antimicrobial on Foodborne Pathogens: Study showed the water extract of Arrowroot tea at 10% greatly inhibited the microbial growth of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens tested.(8)
Antioxidant: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract for antioxidant activity. Results showed high antiradical activity against DPPH, ABTS, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radicals. The antioxidant activity was comparable to BTH. (9)
Study of methanolic extract from M. arundinacea rhizomes showed considerable in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities in a dose dependent manner when compared to standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid/trolox). (23)
Immunomodulatory: Study evaluated the immunostimulatory effects of arrowroot extracts in vitro using animal culture techniques and in vivo using BALB/c mice. Results showed the arrowroot tuber extracts stimulated IgM and immunoglobulin production in vitro, and in vivo increased serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels in mice. (10)
Potential Source of Ethanol: Study evaluated Uraro (Arrowroot) for its potential as source of ethyl alcohol or ethanol. Three different treatments of rhizomes and water were used. The percentage purity of the alcohol in all treatments based on 56% purity. (11)
Effect on Survival of Probiotic Bacteria in Yoghurt: Study evaluated the effect of arrowroot carbohydrates on survival of lactobacilli in bio-yoghurts. Results suggest arrowroot carbohydrates can be used to enhance the Lactobacilli population in bio-yoghurt during refrigerated storage. (13)
Antimicrobial / Arrowroot:Study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of a water extract of M. arundinacea tea on foodborne pathogens in liquid medium. Cocktail of four pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, S. enteritidis, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus) was inoculated o into arrowroot tea solutions. Results showed 0.63% of Arrowroot tea was effective in inhibiting all pathogens to minimum detection limit. (14)
Biomass as Feed, Fuel and Fiber Source: A 1984 study evaluated arrowroot biomass and processing residues as feed, fuel and fiber resource. Biomass and residues yielded 10.8-21.1% crude protein; 11.1-30.2 crude fiver; 3.8-17.0% ash; with an invitro dry matter digestibility of 38.5-60.3%. Study identified the fuel alcohol production potential from yeast-supplemented aerial biomass. Coarse residue showed qualities suited to tear-resistant specialty grade papers. Besides utilization of by-products as food,fuel, and fiber resource, it can also help reduce environmental pollution resulting from direct discharge of unused by-products. (15)
Antidiarrheal / Cytotoxicity / Leaves: Study investigated the antidiarrheal and cytotoxic activities of a methanolic extract of M. arundinacea leaves in rats and brine shrimp, respectively. Results showed an antidiarrheal effect with significant reduction of castor oil-induced intestinal volume and intestinal transit comparable to standard drug loperamide. The extract also showed potent effect against brine shrimp with an LD50 of 420 µg/mL. (18) 
Phenolic, Flavonoid and Flavanol Content / Rhizomes: Study determined the total phenol, flavonoid, and flavonol content of an ethanolic extract of rhizomes of M. arundinacea. An ethanolic extract showed a TPC of 390 ± 11 mg GAE/100g, TFC of 290 ± 7 mg QE/100g and a total flavonol content of 150 ± 9 mg QE/100 g. (19) 
• Potential of Gluten-Free Enriched Flour as Functional Food: Study evaluated the potential of Maranta arundinacea flour modifications for increasing levels of resistant starch to increase the functional properties of gluten-free flour. Study suggests the gluten-free enriched resistant, starch type 3 flour from M. arundinacea can help keep glucose and lipids under normal conditions, suggesting a potential use as functional food, especially for those with difficulty in managing glucose and lipid profiles. (20)
• Benefit on Bacterial Content and Chemical Properties of Digesta: Study evaluated the effect of arrowroot containing diet on the bacterial population and chemical properties of rat digesta. In vivo study showed the diet containing arrowroot powder significantly increased (p<0.05) population of lactobacilli. The digesta had lower pH, higher water content, and higher butyrate. Results suggest supplementation of arrowroot power in the diet improved bacterial and chemical properties of digesta. (21)
• Acute Toxicity Study / Antiulcerogenic / Adaptogenic / Rhizomes: Study evaluated the acute toxicity and antiulcerogenic potential of rhizome starch of M. arundinacea and C. angustifolia. Both plants did not produce any toxic symptoms or mortality up to a maximum dose of 4400 mg/kg. Both significantly reversed the stress-induced ulceration. The rhizome starch of M. arundinacea significantly reversed the hypothermia induced by forced-swimming. (24)
• Potential of Arrowroot Fiber for Nanowhiskers Cellulose: Agribusiness generates countless sources of underutilized biomass. Study evaluated the arrowroot fiber as a source of raw material for cellulose nanowhiskers production by acidic hydrolysis. Results showed the nanowhiskers of cellulose extracted from arrowroot fiber has great potential as reinforcing agents in the nanocomposites production as compared to others cellulose nanowhiskers sources in measures of performance, good thermal stability, crystalline index and good aspect ratio. (28)
Rhizome Residues / Industrial Potential: Study evaluated the potential of M. arundinacea residues for their nutrient composition as organic fertilizer and for the presence of  total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents as phytochemical resources. Leaves yielded 1.28% total nitrogen and 1.7% total potassium that can be used as organic components in fertilizer. Stems yielded 3.25% moisture and a C/M ration of  81.45 with potential for a good mulch. Results showed that rhizome residues were an abundant source of total tannin with potential to be used in the food and medicinal industries. Leaves and stem residues might be useful in organic farming.  (30)
Recent Developments for Sustainable Industrial Application / Review: Environmental awareness has forced researchers to explore the potential and implantation of environmentally friendly materials as alternatives for conventional materials.   Arrowroot starch has a high content pf amylose, which makes it suitable for  better film production. Starch from arrowroot rhizomes can be blended, plasticized with other [polymers, or reinforced with  fibers to improve their properties. Review reports on recent developments in sustainable arrowroot starch polymers, fibers, biopolymer composites and their potential industrial applications. (31)
ZnO Nanoparticles /  Anti-Inflammatory : Study reports on the  green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The Maranta arundinacea mediated zinc oxide NPs showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. (32)
ZnO Nanoparticles /  Antibacterial and Antifungal Against Oral Pathogens: Study reports on the green synthesis  of ZnO nanoparticles using Maranta arundinacea. The NPs were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activity against oral pathogens i.e., S. mutans, Lactobacillus, C. albicans. Results showed the ZnO NPS had great antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The NPs also showed better  antibacterial activity than the standard drug used. (33)
Suspending  Agent for Suspensions: Study evaluated the applicability of yam (Dioscorea sp.) starch and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starch as suspending agents in suspension. Paracetamol was used as standard drug because of its low solubility. Optimal concentration as suspending agent for arrowroot  was 5-6% for arrowroot starch. All formulations were stable within the period of study with pH of 5.4-6.9. Results conclude both starches showed suspension activity 9in paracetamol suspension and has potential as commercial suspending agent. (34)
Vibriocidal / Rhizome and Leaf: Gastroenteritis or diarrhea is a global concern due to infections caused by foodborne or waterborne pathogens. Study evaluated the vibriocidal potential of various solvent extracts of leaf and rhizome of M. arundinacea under in vitro condition against pre-isolated strains of Vibrio cholera (SPAB1,4, and5 by agar well diffusion and MIC method. All the solvent extracts of leaf and rhizome were found active against the tested strains of V. cholera, with the ethanolic extract showing maximum inhibitory effect against SPAB1 strain. Results suggest the rhizome and leaf extracts can be used as alternative natural treatment of diarrhea caused by Vibrio infection. (36)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Cultivated for arrowroot starch.
- Starch and flour products in the cybermarket.


Updated May 2022 / February 2019 / June 2017 / April 2016


PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) / Natural Standard
(2)
Arrowroot / Encyclopedia / NationMaster
(3)
Enzyme inhibitors from plants: Enterokinase inhibitors in tubers and seeds / P. GOPALAKRISHNA BHAT et al / J. Biosci., Vol. 3, Number 4, December 1981, pp. 371378.
(4)
Maranta.—Arrow-Root / Henriette's Herbal Homepage
(5)
Arrowroot / Botanical: Maranta arundinaceae (LINN.) / A Modern Herbal / Mrs. M Grieve
(6)
Sorting Maranta names / Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database
(7)
Diarrheal Diseases Research / Google Books / March 1991
(8)
Antimicrobial effect of water extract of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) tea on foodborne pathogens in liquid medium / S Kim, DYC Fung / Session 29F, Food Microbiology: Control of foodborne microorganisms by antimicrobials
(9)
Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Maranta arundinacea L. Tuberous Rhizomes
/ Nishaa S, Vishnupriya M, Sasikumar J M, et al / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, Vo 5, No4, June 4, 2012.
(10)
Evaluation of immunostimulatory effect of the arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea. L) in vitro and in vivo / Ika Dyah Kumalasari, Eni Harmayani, Lily Arsanti Lestari, Sri Raharjo, Widya Asmara, Kosuke Nishi, and Takuya Sugahara / Cytotechnology. 2012 March; 64(2): 131–137 / doi: 10.1007/s10616-011-9403-4
(11)
Ethanol from arrow root (Maranta Arundinacea Linn) / SCINET Phil. / (S-14);29p.
(12)
Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Rhizomes of Maranta arundinacea L
/ Nishaa S, Vishnupriya M, Sasikumar JM, and Gopalakrishnan VK / Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, Apr-June 2013; Vol 4, Issue 2.
(13)
The Effect of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) Extract on the Survival of Probiotic Bacteria in Set Yoghurt
/ Nishani Abesinghe, Janak Vidanarachchi, Saliya Silva / International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, May 2012; Volume 2, Issue 5: pp 1-4
(14)
Antimicrobial effect of water extract of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) tea on foodborne pathogens in liquid medium / S. KIM and D. Y. C. Fung. / Session 29F, Food Microbiology: Control of foodborne microorganisms by antimicrobials / 2003 IFT Annual Meeting - Chicago
(15)
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), food, feed, fuel, and fiber resource / M. D. Erdman, B. A. Erdman / Economic Botany, July/September 1984, Volume 38, Issue 3, pp 332-341
(16)
Bermuda or West Indian Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) / Cheryll Williams / Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 3: Plants, Potions and Poisons / Google Books
(17)
Maranta arundinacea / Synonyms / The Plant List
(18)
Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity of Methanolic Extract of Maranta arundinacea Linn. Leaves
/ Md. Khalilur Rahman, Md. Ashraf Uddin Chowdhury, Mohammed Taufiqual Islam, Md. Anisuzzaman Chowdhury, Muhammad Erfan Uddin, and Chandra Datta Sumi / Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Volume 2015 (2015) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/257057 /
PMCID: PMC4543376 / PMID: 26346095
(19)
Qualitative Assessment of Ethanolic Extract of Maranta arundinacea L. Rhizome Using HPTLC / Nishaa S, Vishnupriya M, Gopalakrishnan VK / International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2013, 4 (2)
(20)
Proximate and Chemical Analysis of Gluten-free Enriched, Resistant Starch Type 3 from Maranta arundinacea Flour and its Potential as a Functional Food / Mutiara Nugraheni, Badraningsih Lastariwati and Sutriyati Purwanti /  Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 16: 322-330. / DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2017.322.330
(21)
Effect of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) diet on the selected bacterial population and chemical properties of  caecal digesta of Sprague Dawley rats / Eni Harmayani, Ika Dyah Kumalasari and Y. Marsono / International Research Journal of Pharmacology
(22)
Arrowroot Nutrition Facts / Dr. Axe / Food is Medicine
(23)
EVALUATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF RHIZOME OF MARANTA ARUNDINACEA L. / Ruba, A. Agnel; Mohan, V. R. / Pharma Science Monitor, Apr 2013; Vol 4, Issue 2: pp 3914-3928
(24)
Evaluation of acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic study of rhizome starch of two source plants of Tugaksheeree (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. and Maranta arundinacea Linn. / N. Rajashekhara, B K Ashok, Parmeshwar P Sharma, and B. Ravishankar / Ayu., Oct-Dec 2014; 35(4): pp 433–437 / doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.159013 / PMID: 26195908
(25)
Medicinal and edible tubers from fourty two settlements of Tribals from Pechiparai Social forest in Kanyakumari District, India / Sujatha S and F. Briska Renuga / Sch. Acad. J. Biosci., 2013; 1(5): pp 213-216
(26)
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Jah Hut Peoples in Malaysia / K W Lin / Indian J Med Sc., April 2005; 59(4)
(27)
Pharmacological Potential of Plant Used as Aphrodisiac / Baljinder Singh, Vikas Gupta, Parveen Bansal, Ranjit Singh, Dharmendra Kumar / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, Nov-Dec 2010; 5(1): pp 104-113
(28)
Renata Mariano de Sa et al Preparation and Characterization of Nanowhiskers Cellulose from Fiber Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) / Renata Mariano de Sa et al / Mat. Res. Vol18, Supl 2,  São Carlos, Dec. 2015 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.366214
(29)
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacee L.): Botany, Horticulture, and Uses
/ Vitor Brito, Reginaldo Costa et al /   Horticulture Reviews,  2021; Vol 48, Chapter 4 /  DOI:  10.1002/9781119750802.ch4
(30)
Maranta arundinacea residues for recycling: Analysis of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents
/ Supaporn Ieamkheng, Somtop Santibenchakulm  NajjapakSooksawat / BIODIVERSITAS, Mar 2022; 23(3): pp 1204-1210 / pISSN: 1412-033x / eISSN: 2085-4722 . DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230303
(31)
Recent developments in sustainable arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea Linn.) starch biopolymers, fibres, biopolymer composites and their potential industrial applications: A Review
/ J Tarique, E A Ilyas et al / Journal of Materials Research amnd Technology, 2021; Vol 13: pp 1191-1219 /
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.05.047
(32)
Anti-inflammatory activity of Maranta arundinacea mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles  
/ Rajasri Pradeep,  A Lakshmi Narayanan et al / Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 21(59-60): pp 37-41
(33)
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Maranta arundinacea against oral pathogens
/   R Deepika, Anitha Roy et al / Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 2020; 21(33-34): pp  76-82
(34)
Evaluation of Yam (Dioscorea sp.) Starch and Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) Starch as Suspending Agent in Suspension
/ S Suttiruengwong, W Sricharussin /  Advanced Materials Research, Vol 83-94: pp 362-365 / DOI:  10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.93-94.362
(35)
Maranthaceae / Wikipedia
(36)
Vibriocidal activity of leaf and rhizome extracts of Maranta arundinacea L. /
Priyadarshani Samal, Priyaranjan Tripathy, Jyoti Ranjan Rout et al / 2018

α(5)

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants
α(5)

HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL